常染色体和同体之间的差异

Thekey difference在常染色体和同体之间autosomes aresomaticchromosomes that involve in determining the somatic characteristics other than sex determination while the allosomes are the sex chromosomes that determine the sex and sex-related characteristics of an organism.

Chromosomesare a thread like structures made from nucleic acids and proteins. We can find chromosomes in the cell nucleus ofeukaryotes. In prokaryotes, chromosomes reside in the细胞质. Chromosomes carry the genetic information of the organism in the form of genes. The human genome contains a total of 23 pairs of chromosome. Among them, there are 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of allosomes. Autosomes are the typical chromosomes while allosomes are the atypical chromosomes.

内容

1.Overview and Key Difference
2.What are Autosomes
3.What are Allosomes
4.Similarities Between Autosomes and Allosomes
5.并排比较 - 常染色体与表格形式的同体
6.概括

什么是常染色体？

Autosomes also known as somatic chromosomes are the chromosomes that carry genes that determine the somatic characteristics and therefore, do not have any influence on determining the sex of the organism. Majority of the chromosomes in the genome of an organism is autosomes.

人基因组总共包含44个常染色体（22对）。它们的编号为1到22。它们是同源染色体，外观和结构相似。AtDNA或AUDNA是常染色体中的总DNA。

What are Allosomes?

Allosomes are the chromosomes that differ from ordinary chromosomes (autosomes) by size, form, shape, function and behaviour. They are the sex chromosomes. They are atypical chromosomes. Furthermore, they are heterotypical chromosomes or heterochromosomes. Allosomes may differ from each other in pairs. The human genome has one pair of allosomes. In females, the sex chromosome pair is XX while in males it is XY. X chromosomes appear same while Y chromosome is smaller than the X chromosome. Due to this fact, females contain 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes while males have only 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes. X chromosome comes from the egg cell whereas X or Y chromosomes come from male sperm.

同种异体确定通过有性繁殖产生的后代的性别。位于同种异体中的基因是性别连接基因，因此它们的遗传和表达在男性和女性之间有所不同。特纳综合征和克莱恩·费尔特综合征是两个性染色体相关综合征，这是由于染色体异常引起的。

What are the Similarities Difference Between Autosomes and Allosomes?

• Autosomes and allosomes are chromosomes.
• They are in the genome of an organism.
• Both comprise of DNA and proteins.
• They contain heredity information.
• Both of them have genes.
• They exist in pairs.
• Abnormalities lead to different genetic diseases.

What is the Difference Between Autosomes and Allosomes?

Total chromosomes in the genome can be divided into two categories; autosomes and allosomes. Autosomes are the somatic chromosomes that determine the somatic characteristics. Whereas, the allosomes are the sex chromosomes that determine sex and the sex-related characteristics. This is the key difference between autosomes and allosomes. Moreover, the human genome has 22 pairs of homologous autosomes. But, in the case of allosomes, the females have one homologous pair of allosomes while the males have one nonhomologous pair of allosomes.

The below infographic presents the difference between autosomes and allosomes in tabular form.

概括– Autosomes vs Allosomes

常染色体和同种体是由生物体的遗传信息组成的染色体。常染色体占基因组中的大多数染色体。他们决定了生物体的躯体特征。同种异体参与性生殖产生的后代的性别确定。此外，常染色体是同源染色体。然而，在雌性和男性同种中，雌性同种同源，而男性同种则是非同源的。这是常染色体和同粒子之间的区别。

Reference:

1.“Allosome.” Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, Elsevier.Available here

Image Courtesy:

1.”10188534666″ by Zappys Technology Solutions（CC由2.0）viaFlickr
2.”Human male karyotpe high resolution – XY chromosome cropped” By Dietzel65 and RichardWeiss (CC0) viaCommons Wikimedia