Difference Between Cytoplasmic Inheritance and Genetic Maternal Effect

关键差异 - 细胞质遗传与遗传母体效应

Chromosomal DNA is the main storehouse of genetic information in a cell. It is instrumental in deciding thephenotype后代。但是，在某些情况下，后代的表型与母体表型相似，无论环境影响如何基因型它带有。这表明有脱氧核糖核酸outside the nucleus which contributes to deciding the phenotype of the offspring. Scientists have discovered that it is mainly due to two phenomena named cytoplasmic inheritance and genetic maternal effect. Though chromosomes divide precisely into gametes during减数分裂,细胞质的配子does not collect precisely into thezygote。细胞质遗传和遗传母体作用是由于女配子在产生期间对产生的合子产生更多细胞质的贡献而产生的合成。However, the cytoplasmic inheritance and genetic maternal effect are different from each other. The key difference between cytoplasmic inheritance and genetic maternal effect is that细胞质ic inheritance occurs due the genetic information stored in genes of some organelles such as线粒体and chloroplasts present in the cytoplasmwhile由于mRNA和从女配子中收到的蛋白质。

内容

1.Overview and Key Difference
2.什么是细胞质遗传
3.什么是遗传母体效应
4.并排比较 - 胞质遗传与遗传母体在表格形式中的效应
5。概括

什么是细胞质遗传？

线粒体和叶绿体是在细胞中存在的两个细胞器，其中包含除染色体DNA以外的其他DNA。这些细胞器DNA具有遗传信息，并独立工作或与nuclear DNA（染色体DNA）。特征的遗传是通过外粒体 /细胞质 /细胞器DNA产生的生成的，称为细胞质遗传。有很多例子表明细胞质DNA参与控制生物体的遗传特征。因此，它们也被称为细胞质ic heredity units或者细胞质ic genes。

These plasma genes are mostly received by the egg cytoplasm rather than the sperm cytoplasm. Hence, cytoplasmic inheritance is considered as a maternal inheritance phenomenon which influences the heredity characters. Though the cytoplasmic inheritance contributes to decide the characters of the offspring, reciprocal crosses do not result in the same phenotypes.

什么是遗传母体效应?

孕产妇的效应是一种确定母亲基因型的后代表型的情况，与后代基因型和环境效应无关。换句话说，孕产妇的作用是母体基因型对后代表型的随意影响，而不管其基因型如何。这是由于母亲在胚胎发育过程中为合子提供的特定mRNA和蛋白质。在许多生物体中，胚胎最初对于转录而言是不活跃的。因此，来自母性的mRNA和蛋白质的供应很重要。由于遗传单位，不会产生孕产妇的效果。这完全是由于这些分子从孕产妇供应中收到的。由于这些产妇的影响，尽管具有相同的基因型，但有时两个后代有时可能会彼此不同。一个人可能类似于母亲。

The properties of cytoplasm are mainly governed by nuclear genes. Thus, the maternal effect depends on the nuclear genes.

Maternal effect is an important process in ecology and evolution. It contributes to population dynamics, phenotypic plasticity, niche construction, life-history evolution and natural selection.

细胞质遗传和遗传母体作用有什么区别？

细胞质遗传与遗传母体效应
Cytoplasmic inheritance is the inheritance of characteristics due to the genetic information stored in cytoplasmic DNA or organelle DNA.	Genetic maternal effect is the phenomenon where offspring traits are decided by maternal factors such as mRNA and proteins.
发生
Cytoplasmic inheritance is a result of actual genes received from mitochondria, chloroplasts or any infective particle like a virus.	遗传母体作用是从母亲卵中收到的mRNA或蛋白质的结果。
细胞器的参与
Cytoplasmic inheritance is involved in essential organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria.	遗传母体效应不涉及细胞器。
Dependence on Nuclear Genes
Cytoplasmic inheritance is not dependent on nuclear genes.	遗传母体的作用可能依赖或可能不依赖核基因。
Genetic Basis
Cytoplasmic inheritance is due to actual genes.	遗传母体效应是由于基因产物引起的，但不是由于实际基因引起的。

摘要 - 细胞质遗传与遗传母体效应

Chromosomal DNA is considered as the sole genetic material of a cell. However several cellular organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts) possess DNA which can influence the traits of the offspring. Some maternal products in the cytoplasm are also involved in deciding the traits of an offspring. Cytoplasmic inheritance and genetic maternal effect are two such situations. These two phenomena are caused due to the genes or factors inherited from the mothers’ egg to the zygote. Maternal effect is a result of mRNA and proteins (gene products) received from the cytoplasm of the mothers’ egg. Cytoplasmic inheritance is a result of genetic material in the mitochondria or chloroplasts or infective viruses. This is the main difference between cytoplasmic inheritance and genetic maternal effect. Offspring inherits the maternal traits regardless of its own genotype and the genes due to both these phenomena.

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参考：

1.“母体作用和细胞质遗传。”母体作用和细胞质遗传|遗传学，生物技术，分子生物学，植物学|Biocyclopedia.com。N.P.，N.D。网络。Available here。13 June 2017.

2. Wolf，Jason B.和Michael J. Wade。“什么是孕产妇影响（它们不是什么）？”皇家学会B的哲学交易：生物科学。皇家学会，2009年4月27日。Available here.14 June 2017

Image Courtesy:

1. “Mitochondria and Chloroplasts” By Mary Manu –(CC BY-SA 3.0)viaCommons Wikimedia
2. Cunefin的“孕产妇效应交叉3” - 自己的作品(CC BY-SA 3.0)viaCommons Wikimedia
3. Ceunfin的“母体效应交叉4” - 自己的作品(CC BY-SA 3.0)viaCommons Wikimedia