关键差异 - 垂直与水平基因转移
Gene transfer refers to the process that transfer or exchange genetic material between organisms.DNA具有功能基因的生物体之间的功能基因交换,从而导致其基因组组成变化。它可以以两种名为垂直基因转移和水平基因转移的类型发生。水平基因转移是指在无关个体之间转移遗传物质的过程。垂直基因转移是指从父母转移到其后代的过程。这是垂直和水平基因转移之间的关键差异。垂直基因转移在生物体中很常见,而水平基因转移不太常见。
CONTENTS
1。概述和关键差异
2。什么是垂直基因转移
3。什么是水平基因转移
4。并排比较 - 垂直与水平基因转移
5.Summary
什么是垂直基因转移?
Vertical gene transfer is a method of gene transferring from parent to their offspring. It can occur either through有性繁殖或无性繁殖or artificial mechanisms. This process is a common mechanism that happens between related organisms.基因组从一代人传递到下一代,这是通过自然在生物体中转移的垂直基因传递。在植物育种计划中,故意进行垂直基因转移以将重要基因转移到F1的生成中。两种植物被性交以混合他们基因并传递给下一代。通过这样做,可以将有价值的特征存储在后代,从而允许子孙后代流通。
在细菌中,最常见的无性繁殖方法是binary fission。Binary fission results in two identical bacterial cells. It is an example of vertical gene transfer method of bacteria. In humans, the disease calledAIDS由于垂直基因转移,正在从父母传播到婴儿。
什么是水平基因转移?
Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism in which genetic material is transferred between nonrelated organisms. It is also known as侧基因转移。它发生在不同的基因组之间,例如不同物种之间。生物体通过基因转移获得不同的特征。水平基因转移不同于从父母转移到后代的基因。
由于生物具有几种类型的DNA,因此使水平基因转移变得容易。它们主要是移动遗传因素,例如transposons(跳跃基因),plasmids(非染色体圆形DNA)和噬菌体(感染病毒的细菌)。它通过几种机制进行,如下所示。
水平基因转移机制
转型
Prokaryotes are able to take up free DNA in the form of plasmids specially.
细菌结合
A mode of sexual reproduction that occurs between temporary connected two cells. During共轭,F质粒从供体转移到接受者,导致两种生物之间的遗传材料转移,如图02所示。这是水平基因转移的主要机制。
Transduction
Bacteriophage is able to inject its DNA into a bacterium when infected, which results in gene transferring between two bacteria during the second infection. This occurs via two processes named广义和专业转导。
Uses of Horizontal Gene Transfer
Horizontal gene transfer is used in genetic engineering. Foreign DNA can be recombined or inserted into the genome of recipient organism in horizontal gene transferring. It allows recipients to acquire novel traits important for growth and survival. Horizontal gene transfer is extremely important in adaptation and evolution of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Favorable traits are filtered through自然选择并为演变做出了贡献。一些生物体获得了通过水平基因转移适应和进化具有价值的基因。例如,通过细菌获取抗生素电阻率是水平基因转移的结果。
与高度不同的物种相比,在密切相关的分类单元中,水平基因转移最受欢迎。它也可以在同一微环境中居住的细菌之间发生。
What is the difference between Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer?
垂直和水平基因转移 |
|
垂直基因转移是指通过繁殖将遗传材料从父母转移到后代的过程。 | 水平基因转移是指在无关生物之间转移遗传物质的过程。 |
Methods | |
它可以通过性,无性或人工手段发生。 | 转化,转导和细菌结合是水平基因转移的机制。 |
Occurrence | |
It is a common process. | 这是一个不太常见的过程。 |
Dependency on Mobile DNA | |
它不取决于移动遗传元素。 | 这是自己e due to mobile DNA elements such as transposons, plasmids, bacteriophages. |
Summary – Vertical vs Horizontal Gene Transfer
Gene transfer can occur between related and non-related individuals. There are two main types of gene transferring named vertical and horizontal. Vertical gene transmission happens from parent to offspring. During reproduction or plant crossing, genes are transferred from parents to progeny. Horizontal gene transfer happens between different species which are not related. It is not feasible as vertical gene transferring. However due to mobile DNA elements such as plasmids, jumping genes and bacteriophages, genes exchange among organisms horizontally via conjugation, transduction and transformation. Horizontal gene transfer is common in bacteria and archaea than eukaryotes. This is the difference between vertical and horizontal gene transfer.
参考:
1. Hotopp,Julie C. Dunning。“细菌与动物之间的水平基因转移。”遗传学趋势:Tig。美国国家医学图书馆,2011年4月。2017年5月9日
2.罗杰斯,卡拉。“水平基因转移。”百科全书大不列颠。2016年11月22日,Britannica,Inc。2017年5月9日。https://www.britannica.com/science/horizontal-gene-transfer
3. Lacroix,Benoît。“将DNA从细菌转移到真核生物。”MBIO。N.P.,2016年7月12日。2017年5月9日
图片提供:
1. ecoddington14的“二进制裂变2” - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:binary_fession.png(CC BY-SA 3.0)通过下议院维基梅迪亚
2.腺苷的“共轭” - 自己的工作(CC BY-SA 3.0)通过下议院维基梅迪亚
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