Difference Between Mitochondrial DNA and Chloroplast DNA

Thekey differencebetween mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA is thatmitochondrial DNA is present inside the mitochondria of真核细胞while chloroplast DNA is present inside the chloroplasts of plant cells.

线粒体和叶绿体是真核细胞中两个重要的膜结合细胞器。线粒体是细胞的动力室。另一方面，叶绿体是photosynthesisin plants. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to be originated from prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells throughendosymbiosis. These two organelles contain their own DNA. Though this DNA is not anuclear DNAof a cell and not important for the functioning of the cell, it is important for some of their own cell organelle properties.

内容

1.Overview and Key Difference
2.What is Mitochondrial DNA
3.什么是叶绿体DNA
4.Similarities Between Mitochondrial DNA and Chloroplast DNA
5.并排比较 - 线粒体DNA与表格形式的叶绿体DNA
6.概括

What is Mitochondrial DNA?

Mitochondria are one of the most vital cell organelles present in eukaryotic cells. In fact, they are the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells as they carry out energy production. Mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles. Electron transport chain occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondria possess some DNA within the organelle. And, this DNA is important for some of their properties. Moreover, DNA carries different genes important for the proper functioning of the organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded circular DNA present in the mitochondrial matrix. In addition, mtDNA is a synonym for mitochondrial DNA. M. M. K. Nass and S. Nass discovered mtDNA via electron microscopy.

线粒体DNA来自母亲到后代。因此，它是单一遗传的DNA。与二倍体的核DNA不同，mtDNA处于倍增状态。一个单元包含几个线粒体。每个线粒体都包含DNA。因此，mtDNA处于异质状态。与核DNA相比，mtDNA很小。人mtDNA构成16,569个碱基对，并具有编码tRNA，rRNA和多肽的37个基因。与多细胞生物不同，单细胞生物具有线性组织的mtDNA。

什么是叶绿体DNA？

叶绿体是在植物中进行光合作用的细胞器。这些细胞器包含光合色素，称为chlorophylls. Similar to mitochondria, chloroplasts also contain their own DNA (plastid DNA). This chloroplast DNA is present in the chloroplast stroma. cpDNA and plastome are synonyms for chloroplast DNA. cpDNA is double-stranded circular DNA.

尽管cpDNA作为单个染色体出现，但它作为多个副本存在。通常，CP DNA由120,000至170,000个碱基对组成，其中约有200个基因。在叶绿体内部，将所有cpDNA分子组合在一起并作为大环存在。

线粒体DNA和叶绿体DNA之间有什么相似之处？

• 线粒体DNA和叶绿体DNA是单个圆形染色体。
• Both DNA types are double-stranded.
• 而且，两者都作为多个副本存在。
• 此外，与核DNA不同，两者都是随机分布给子细胞的。
• Furthermore, they are organelle DNA; hence, they are non-nuclear DNA.
• They are devoid of histone proteins and are not enclosed with a membrane.
• Additionally, both mtDNA and cpDNA do not have introns.
• They are rich in AT regions.
• 此外，线粒体和叶绿体DNA都包含对其功能很重要的基因。
• 与核DNA相比，mtDNA和cpDNA的大小很小。

What is the Difference Between Mitochondrial DNA and Chloroplast DNA?

Mitochondrial DNA is present inside the mitochondria while chloroplast DNA is present in chloroplasts. So, we can consider this as the key difference between mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. Furthermore, human mitochondrial DNA contains 16,569 base pairs while chloroplast DNA contains 120,000 to 170,000 base pairs. Thus, this is also a significant difference between mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. Additionally, the mitochondrial genome contains 37 genes while chloroplast genome contains about 200 genes.

Below infographic summarizes the difference between mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA.

概括– Mitochondrial DNA vs Chloroplast DNA

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. Moreover, both types of DNA are double-stranded circular DNA which occurs in multiple copies. Compared to mitochondrial DNA, chloroplast DNA is large in size and contains more genes. Thus, this is the summary of the difference between mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA.

Reference:

1.“”Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA.” LinkedIn SlideShare, 19 Oct. 2017,Available here.
2. “Chloroplast DNA.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Feb. 2019,Available here.

Image Courtesy:

1.“”Mitochondrial DNA lg”国家人类基因组研究所 - 国立卫生研究院。国家人类基因组研究所。“遗传术语的词汇表。”检索2016年11月17日，（公共领域）通过Commons Wikimedia
2. Kelvinsong的“ CTDNA” - 自己的作品(CC BY-SA 3.0)viaCommons Wikimedia