关键区别 - 基因组与外显子组
The Human Genome Project, which commenced in 1911, was a revolution in the history of modern genetics that gave rise to many analytical techniques in terms of genetic diagnosis and gene therapy. The Human Genome Project was a US based collaborative research program whose goal was the complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings. Based on this research project, the terms Genome,Intron and Exonwere developed. Genome is the complete set of genes in an organism which accounts for all the genes present in that particular organism, whereas外显子是有机体中存在的一组外显子,该外显子解释了特定物种中存在的所有基因的编码区域。这是基因组和外显子组之间的关键区别。
内容
1.Overview and Key Difference
2.What is Genome
3.What is Exome
4.基因组和外显社之间的相似之处
5.并排比较 - 基因组与表格形式的外显子组
6。概括
What is Genome?
Genome refers to the complete set of genetic instructions which is stored as genes or specific sequences of Deoxyribonucleic acids (脱氧核糖核酸) in a particular organism or species. Each genome contains all the information required for growth, development and other functional activities of a particular organism. The genome is made up of DNA which is in thenucleus的eukaryotesand in the细胞质的prokaryotes.
人类基因组中的遗传代码由32亿碱基DNA组成,由四种类型组成核苷酸:腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤,Cytosine, and Thymine. Different sequential orders of these four bases define the uniqueness of a particular gene. The eukaryotic genome includes both核DNA和线粒体DNA. Thus, this unique combination differs from organism to organism, and an individual’s genome is unique in nature and can act as a fingerprint for diagnostic purposes.
测序和确定的第一个基因组是Escherichia coli; later, yeasts,protozoans和植物基因组。人类基因组的测序花了几十年的时间完成。人类基因组包含大约3万至3万至40,000个基因,它们是编码和非编码基因的基因,并将其紧凑成23对染色体,这些染色体携带包装的DNA,这些DNA充当遗传决定剂。该基因包装是紧密扭曲的DNA螺旋结构和蛋白相关的复合物的结果,该结构降低了DNA在其非作用相中占据的长度。
什么是外显子?
Exome is a subset of the genome which only consists of the coding regions of the genes of a particular organism. Coding regions of the genes are named as exons, and they are a type of genes which are transcribed intomRNA然后翻译成氨基酸序列,产生功能性和结构蛋白。在真核生物的转录后修饰过程中,除去非编码区域的内含子,并连接外显子。这是通过称为RNA剪接的过程来完成的。在原核生物中,没有或更少的内含子;因此,不需要RNA剪接。因此,为了产生特定生物体的外显子,应提取成熟的RNA,然后应使用逆转录酶合成互补的DNA。
The exons of all our genes makeup approximately 1.5% of the genome and contain only about 3 megabases since the exome accounts for a small percentage of the entire genome. It is cheaper and faster to sequence the exome than the entire genome. Exome analysis provides important information on functional properties of an organism, and mutations observed in the exome are directly related to a clinical manifestation.
基因组和外显子组之间有什么相似之处?
- 基因组和外显子组由生物体中的一组基因组成。
- 两者都包含四个主核苷酸碱基;腺嘌呤,鸟嘌呤,胞嘧啶和胸腺素。
- Genome and exome are condensed into chromosomes and is arranged in a highly compact fashion.
- Sequencing of both Genome and the exome can be performed under体外.
- Genome and exome are helpful in analyzing基因突变这可能就是遗传疾病和其他非传染性疾病和代谢失衡的原因。
What is the Difference Between Genome and Exome?
Genome vs Exome |
|
The complete set of genetic instructions which is stored as genes or sequences of DNA in a particular organism or species is known as the genome. | 仅由特定生物体的编码基因组成的基因组的子集被称为外显子组。 |
大小 | |
The genome is large, about 3 200 000 000 nucleotides. | The exome is small, about 3 000 000 nucleotides (1% of the genome). |
作品 | |
Genome is composed of total DNA content including both coding and non-coding regions. | Exome contains only coding regions of the total DNA known as exons. |
Sequencing | |
Simple methods such as Sanger sequencing can be used in sequencing the genome. | Complex methods which include reverse transcription of mature mRNA are required to sequence exome. |
概括– Genome vs Exome
基因组是生物体中存在的一组DNA。外观是基因组的一部分,仅包括整个基因集的外显子。这是基因组和外显子组之间的基本差异。基因组和外显子分析都是即将到来的科学领域,并且在recombinant DNA technologiesto analyze the genes present in an organism and develop methods to manipulate the genes in order to be used beneficially.
下载PDF版本的基因组vs Exome
You can download PDF version of this article and use it for offline purposes as per citation note. Please download PDF version here基因组和外显子组之间的差异
参考:
1. “An Overview of the Human Genome Project.” National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI),Available here.2017年8月30日访问。
2.布朗,特伦斯·A。“人类基因组。”基因组。第二版,美国国家医学图书馆,1970年1月1日,Available here. Accessed 30 Aug. 2017.
3. “Crowdsourcing Cures on your terms.” Genos,Available here.2017年8月30日访问。
Image Courtesy:
1. “Human Genome Project Timeline (26964377742)” By National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) from Bethesda, MD, USA – Human Genome Project Timeline(CC由2.0)viaCommons Wikimedia
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