染色体像差和基因突变之间的差异

关键差异 - 染色体畸变与基因突变

Chromosomesare definite structures made up of long脱氧核糖核酸链。在细胞中，有23对有46个染色体。染色体包含数千个genes。基因是染色体或特定DNA片段的特定区域，具有遗传密码以合成Aprotein。它有一个独特的DNA序列。染色体和通用电气nes decide the genetic information of a person. Hence, it is very important to keep them intact and precise. However, due to many reasons, chromosomes and genes can be mutated, which can lead to various disease conditions. Chromosomal aberration is an abnormal condition of the chromosome number and structure that causes complications. Gene mutation is a permanent alteration of the DNA sequence of the gene. The key difference between chromosomal aberration and gene mutation is thatchromosomal aberration refers to a change in a chromosome number or structure尽管基因突变是基因序列的改变，可能导致遗传密码变化。A chromosomal aberration always refers to a change in a large segment of a chromosome, containing more than one gene region.

内容
1.Overview and Key Difference
2.What is Chromosomal Aberration
3.什么是基因突变
4。Side by Side Comparison – Chromosomal Aberration vs Gene Mutation
5。Summary

What is Chromosomal Aberration?

染色体是螺纹状结构，以DNA序列形式为数千个基因提供空间。各种生物具有特定的染色体数和结构。整个染色体代表生物体的遗传信息。因此，染色体数和结构非常重要。如果染色体数和结构发生变化，则称为chromosome aberration, chromosomal anomaly, chromosomal abnormality或者chromosome mutation。由于染色体一部分的损失，增益或重排或由于缺失或额外的完整染色体，因此可能发生。这些染色体异常也传递给了下一代（后代）。

Types of Chromosomal Aberration

There are four major types of chromosomal aberrations named deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation.

Deletion– When a big segment of chromosome is lost, it is known as deletion.

Duplication- 当重复两次染色体时，它被称为重复。

Translocation– When one segment of a chromosome is transferred into a non-homologous chromosome, it is known as the translocation.

反转– When a segment of chromosome is changed at 180⁰rotation, it is known as inversion.

所有这些变化都是导致完整染色体结构和生物体总体遗传平衡的变化。

数值染色体畸变主要是由于细胞分裂错误而发生的减数分裂或有丝分裂。染色体非分离是染色体数量异常的主要原因配子and in offspring. This situation is known asaneuploidy（存在异常数量的染色体）。一些配子是用缺失的染色体产生的，而有些配子的染色体则产生。两种实例都创造出具有不寻常数量的染色体的后代。如果发生的变化发生在卵细胞或精子中，则这些异常会传播到人体的每个细胞。

Chromosome anomalies can happen randomly or can be inherited from parents. The origin of these anomalies can be detected by performing chromosomal studies on both babies and parents.

什么是基因突变?

基因是位于染色体上的DNA序列的特定区域，该区域编码特定蛋白质。基因的DNA序列的永久改变被称为基因突变。特定的DNA序列代表该蛋白质的独特遗传密码。即使是单个碱基对替代也可以改变基因的遗传密码，最终可以产生不同的蛋白质。他们被称为点突变and is the common type of gene mutation. There are three types of point mutations named silent mutation, missense mutation, and nonsense mutation.

Gene mutations can also occur due to insertion or deletion of base pairs from the original gene sequence. These mutations are vital due to their ability to change the template DNA and shift the reading frame, which decides the amino acid sequence of the protein.

Types of Gene Mutations

有两种类型的基因突变称为遗传突变和获得的突变。

Heredity mutations从父母到后代继承。这些突变位于父母的配子中，例如卵细胞和精子。因此，它们被称为germline mutations。When games fertilize, zygote receives the gene mutations and passes to every cell of the offspring body.

Acquired mutations发生在人生中的某些细胞或某些时期。它们主要是由于环境因素引起的，例如紫外线辐射，有毒化学物质等，主要发生在somatic cells.Hence, acquired mutations are not passed to the next generation.

What is the difference between Chromosomal Aberration and Gene Mutation?

染色体畸变与基因突变
染色体畸变是生物体中染色体的数量和结构的任何变化。	基因突变是在基因的DNA碱基序列中发生的一种改变。
Changes to the Total Number of Chromosomes
Chromosomal aberration can change the total number of chromosomes in an organism	Gene mutation does not cause changes to the total number of chromosomes in an organism.
规模
Chromosomal aberration can include many gene alterations.	Gene mutation commonly refers to a single gene alteration.
Damage
Damages due to chromosomal aberration are large scale compared to gene mutation.	与染色体像差相比，核苷酸损伤的规模较小。但是，这可能导致严重的健康问题。

摘要 - 染色体畸变与基因突变

Genes are the specific DNA segments comprised of unique base sequences in chromosomes. There are thousands of genes in a single chromosome. The base sequence of the gene can be altered due to various factors. Any change in the base pair sequence of the gene is known as gene mutation. Gene mutation results in different protein than it encodes. Chromosomal aberration refers to a numerical or structural change of chromosomes of an organism. Numerical abnormalities cause various syndrome conditions in humans. Structural aberrations are mainly due to deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations. A big portion of the chromosome including many genes are changed during the chromosomal abnormality or mutation. This is the difference between chromosomal aberration and gene mutation.

参考
1. “What is a gene mutation and how do mutations occur? – Genetics Home Reference.” U.S. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health, n.d. Web. 22 May 2017. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/mutationsanddisorders/genemutation
2.“ 4种主要类型的染色体畸变（1594个单词）。”YourArticleLibrary.com：下一代库。N.P.，2014年2月23日。2017年5月22日。

Image Courtesy:
1. “Schematic illustration of chromosomal aberrations” By Philippe Hupé – Emmanuel Barillot, Laurence Calzone, Philippe Hupé, Jean-Philippe Vert, Andrei Zinovyev, Computational Systems Biology of Cancer Chapman & Hall/CRC Mathematical & Computational Biology , 2012（CC BY-SA 3.0）viaCommons Wikimedia
2. “DNA UV mutation” By derivative work: Mouagip (talk)DNA_UV_mutation.gif: NASA/David HerringThis vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator. – DNA_UV_mutation.gif (Public Domain) viaCommons Wikimedia