Key Difference – Homologous vs Analogous Structures
Similarities between organisms and structures are believed to be inherited from a common ancestor. Biologists state that all living organisms must share a single last common ancestor. When critically analyzing and comparing their similarities, evidence can be identified about their evolutionary relationships. However, environment also has a great influence on organisms’ characteristics.Natural selection and adaptationlead organisms to survive or become extinct from the environment. Scientists compareanatomy,embryos和脱氧核糖核酸data to determine the evolutionary history of organisms and buildphylogenetic trees.但是,系统发育或进化树是假设的结构。因此,科学家使用同源字符和类似的字符。同源字符是由于共同祖先而在不同生物体中观察到的类似字符。这些生物具有同源结构。类似的字符是由于自然选择而显示出肤浅相似性的特征收敛进化。这些生物具有类似的结构。同源结构和类似结构之间的关键区别在于同源结构源于一个共同的一个cestral structurewhile类似结构来自不同的进化祖先。
内容
1.Overview and Key Difference
2.What are Homologous Structures
3.What are Analogous Structures
4.Side by Side Comparison – Homologous vs Analogous Structures in Tabular Form
5.概括
什么是同源结构?
同源结构是来自共同祖先的不同动物中的器官或其他结构。这些结构在解剖学上是相似的,但它们可能执行不同的功能。同源结构是在相关生物体中开发的,因为它们具有共同的祖先。Homology是描述由于共同血统所致的物种特征共享的术语。同源性有三种主要类型。他们是morphological homology(show anatomical similarities),个性同源性(show developmental (embryological) similarities) and分子同源性(show similarities in DNA, RNA, and protein).
同源结构的一个典型例子是脊椎动物。人的手臂,鸟或蝙蝠的翅膀,狗的腿和海豚或鲸鱼的脚的脚是同源的结构。
These structures have different functions, but they are similar and share common traits, which indicate evidence of a common ancestry.
What are Analogous Structures?
Analogous structures have similar functions. They are not derived from a common ancestor and have different evolutionary ancestries. Analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution. Organisms that are not related possess similar traits due to the adaptation to a similar environment orecological niches。自然选择将无关的生物具有最有效和实用的生存结构。类似结构的一些例子包括鸟类,蝙蝠和昆虫的翅膀。这些结构在不同物种中具有相同的功能。但是它们的发展模式和起源是不同的。
同源结构和类似结构有什么区别?
Homologous vs Analogous Structures |
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Homologous structures are the structures derived from a common ancestor which have similar morphology and anatomy and different functions. | Analogous structures are the structures derived from different evolutionary ancestries which have similar functions and dissimilar anatomy. |
解剖学 | |
同源结构在解剖学中相似。 | 类似结构在解剖学中不同。 |
功能 | |
同源结构执行不同的功能。 | Analogous structures perform similar functions. |
Development | |
Homologous structures develop in related animals. | 无关动物中形成类似结构。 |
Development Patterns | |
同源结构显示出相似的发展模式。 | 类似结构显示出不同的发展模式。 |
Inheritance |
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Homologous structures are inherited from a common ancestor. | Analogous structures are inherited from different ancestors. |
Examples | |
Examples of homologous structures include dolphin’s flipper, bird’s wing, cat’s leg, and the human arm. | 类似结构的例子包括蝴蝶的翅膀和蝙蝠的翅膀。 |
概括– Homologous vs Analogous Structures
Structures derived from a common ancestral structure that may or may not serve the same function in the species are called homologous structures. Structures derived from different ancestors that perform similar functions are called analogous structures. Homologous structures are seen in evolutionarily related species. Analogous structures are seen in evolutionary unrelated species. The anatomy of the homologous structures is similar while the anatomy of the analogous structures is dissimilar. This is the difference between homologous and analogous structures. Homologous structures are considered as evidence of evolution. Analogous structures are considered as a result of convergent evolution.
Download PDF Version of Homologous vs Analogous Structures
You can download PDF version of this article and use it for offline purposes as per citation notes. Please download PDF version here同源结构和类似结构之间的差异。
参考:
1 . Scoville, Heather. “What Are Homologous Structures?” ThoughtCo. N.p., n.d. Web.Available here。26 July 2017.
2. “Analogy.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., n.d. Web.Available here。26 July 2017.
Image Courtesy:
1. “Homology vertebrates-en” By Волков Владислав Петрович – Own work(CC BY-SA 4.0)viaCommons Wikimedia
2. “Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus” By PD-USGov (Public Domain) viaCommons Wikimedia
3. “171555” (Public Domain) viaPixabay
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