细胞图和系统发育树之间的差异

关键差异 - 分子图与系统发育树

Evolutionand phylogeny are closely related two words which help to describe relationships and characteristics of different organisms. Evolution explains how a particular group of organism has been evolved, developed and selected through the timeline. Phylogeny explains the historical development of an organism. There are different diagrams constructed by the biologists to show the relationships between organisms. Phylogenetic tree and cladogram are two such diagrams developed to show the relatedness between different organisms. The key difference between cladogram and phylogenetic tree is thatcladogram shows only the relationship between different organisms with respective to a common ancestorwhilephylogenetic tree shows the relationship between different organisms with respect to the evolutionary time and the amount of change with time.

内容
1.Overview and Key Difference
2.我s a Cladogram
3.我s a Phylogenetic Tree
4.并排比较 - 分子图与系统发育树
5.概括

我s a Cladogram?

A cladogran is a diagrammatic representation which shows the relationship of the closely related organisms. It is a type of a phylogenetic tree. But it only shows the relationships between clades with the common ancestor. As an example, a cladogram shows human are more loosely related withchimpanzeesthan大猩猩, but it does not show the evolutionary time and the exact distance from the common ancestor.

Cladogram是一个类似树状的图，它是使用线条绘制的。分子图的节点代表了共同祖先的两组分裂。进化枝在线的末端进行了总结，特定进化枝的成员具有相似的特征。进化枝是使用分子差而不是形态特征建造的。但是，也可以使用正确的形态学和行为数据来构建cladogram。

我s a Phylogenetic Tree?

Phylogenetic studies are useful for finding answers to different problems in evolutionary biology such as the relationship betweenspeciesand their origin, spread of viral infections, migration patterns of species, etc. Advanced molecular biological techniques have helped biologists to evaluate phylogenetic relationships between organisms in relation to the evolutionary changes of the organisms. A phylogenetic tree is a diagram which shows the relationship between organisms based on their characteristics, genetic background, and evolutionary relationships. Compared to a cladogram, phylogenetic tree has more value when discussing the relationships of organisms in a meaningful way with respect to their ancestors and evolution. Phylogenetic tree is drawn like a branching tree diagram in which branch length is proportional to the evolutionary distance, unlike a cladogram.

生物学家使用不同的分析工具（例如简约，距离，可能性和贝叶斯方法等）分析生物体的不同特征。它们考虑了生物体的许多特征，包括形态学，解剖学，行为，生化，分子和化石特征，以构建系统发育树。

我s the difference between Cladogram and Phylogenetic Tree?

Cladogram vs Phylogenetic Tree
分子图不是进化树。因此，它不会显示进化关系。	Phylogenetic tree is an evolutionary tree. It shows evolutionary relationships.
Usage
cladogram代表了一个关于一组实际进化史的假设。	Phylogenetic tree represents the true evolutionary history of organisms.
分支的长度
分子图以相等的长度绘制。分支的长度不代表进化距离。	Branch length of a phylogenetic tree indicates the evolutionary distance.
Indication of the Evolutionary Time
Cladogram does not indicate the amount of evolutionary time when separating the organisms’ taxa.	Phylogenetic tree indicates the amount of evolutionary time when separating the organisms’ taxa.

概括– Cladogram vs Phylogenetic Tree

分子图是一个图表，它根据不同生物的不同相似性来显示不同生物之间的关系。系统发育树是一个图表，该图显示了相对于地质时间尺度的生物体的系统发育史。它代表了生物体和进化史之间的可能关系。这是圆膜图和系统发育树之间的差异。

参考：
1. Woese, Carl R. “Interpreting the universal phylogenetic tree.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. The National Academy of Sciences, 18 July 2000. Web. 03 Apr. 2017
2. Hall，Barry G.“从具有巨型的分子数据中建造系统发育树。”分子生物学和进化。牛津大学出版社，2013年3月12日。2017年4月3日

Image Courtesy:
1.此向量版本的“系统发育树”：Eric Gaba（Sting - FR：Sting） - NASA天文学研究所，通过文章（公共领域）通过Commons Wikimedia