这关键区别between transformation and transduction is that转化是一种机制,它通过直接吸收来改变细菌的遗传物质exogenous genetic materialfrom its surroundings through thecell membrane并将其纳入genome而转导是通过a注射异物的bacteriophage病毒进入宿主细菌。
Conjugation是一种众所周知的DNA重组方法,可以在真核生物和原核生物中找到。科学家发现,可以通过另一种机制将DNA从一个细菌细胞转移到另一种细胞:转化和转导。与结合类似,这两种机制沿一个方向传递了DNA,并且在同源DNA区域的等位基因之间发生重组。两种机制都传递了很少的DNA,并且不会转移整个细胞染色体。
CONTENTS
1。概述和关键差异
2。什么是转变
3。什么是转导
4.Similarities Between Transformation and Transduction
5.Side by Side Comparison – Transformation vs Transduction in Tabular Form
6.Summary
什么是转型?
弗雷德·格里菲斯医学官员在英国Ministry of Health in London, discovered the process of transformation in 1928. It is the mechanism by which bacteria uptake DNA fragments from the environment and incorporate it into their chromosomes. After a successful transformation, the recipient cell (transformant) gains some characteristics which were not present previously within it. In prokaryotes like bacteria, transformation occurs regularly when the cells exist in great numbers, such as in human intestinal tract or in rich soil.
为了进行成功的转变,细菌应该足够胜任。因此,细胞从环境中摄取细胞外DNA的转化或能力取决于细菌的能力。能力取决于细菌物种之间的可变特性。转型可以人为地进行;有时甚至自然发生。如果自然发生,它会增加引起疾病的潜力。
什么是转导?
Unlike transformation, transduction requires a virus as an agent to carry DNA fragment from donor to recipient cell. These viruses are bacteria-infecting viruses or噬菌体。Like all viruses, these bacteriophages have a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a coat of protein. Bacteriophages attach to the surface receptors of the bacteria and directly inject the viral DNA into the bacteria.
Transduction happens in two ways:lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle。在裂解周期中,病毒噬菌体穿透宿主细胞,破坏宿主的染色体并在宿主细胞中复制自身。最后,这些噬菌体摧毁了同一宿主细胞。因此,我们称它们为有毒的噬菌体。与裂解周期不同,细菌细胞的直接裂解不会在溶菌生成循环中发生。在溶菌发生循环中,噬菌体DNA与宿主染色体作为预言集成。整合后,宿主细胞会经历DNA复制和二元裂变,从而产生带有预言的宿主细胞的副本。最后,这些预言将从宿主的染色体中为自己辩解,然后进入裂解周期。
在将外源基因引入细菌时,转导是基因工程中的有用工具。同样,了解由于细菌之间抗生素耐药基因的转移,抗生素药物变得无效的机制也很有用。
转换和转导之间有什么相似之处?
- Transformation and transduction are two mechanisms involved in水平基因转移从一个细菌到另一种细菌。
- 这se two mechanisms transfer DNA in one direction.
- 但是,两种机制都传递了很少的DNA,并且不会转移整个细胞染色体。
- 此外,转化和转导都是分子生物学和基因工程的重要工具。
What is the Difference Between Transformation and Transduction?
转化是通过直接吸收细菌和周围环境中外源性DNA掺入细菌的遗传改变。另一方面,转导是病毒从一种细菌转移到另一种细菌的过程。因此,这是转换和转导之间的关键区别。弗雷德·格里菲斯(Fred Griffith)在1928年发现了转变,而诺顿·辛德(Norton Zinder)和约书亚·莱德伯格(Joshua Lederberg)在1952年发现了转变。此外,裸露的DNA在转化期间的壁和膜上移动,而无需病毒。但是,转导是通过噬菌体完成的。因此,我们也可以将其视为转换和转导之间的差异。
Furthermore, in transformation, extracellular DNA fragments are acquired. In transduction, bacteriophage inserts DNA fragment into bacteria. Hence this is a significant difference between transformation and transduction. Additionally, a further difference between transformation and transduction is that a plasmid transfer is possible in transformation while it is not likely to occur in transduction. Above these, another significant difference between transformation and transduction is that the transformation is susceptible toDNAasewhile transduction is DNAase resistant.
下面的信息图显示了转换和转导之间的差异作为并排比较。
摘要 - 转换与转导
Transformation and transduction are two ways of horizontal gene transferring among bacteria. Transformation is the process of direct uptake of exogenous DNA from the surrounding via cell wall and membrane into the bacterial cell and incorporation to its genome. On the other hand, transduction is the process of injecting viral DNA into bacterial cells by the bacteriophages. Hence, transduction is done by a viral host. Furthermore, transformation occurs naturally and artificially. It depends on the competence of the bacteria. Transduction does not depend on the competence of the bacteria. Transduction occurs via lytic and lysogenic cycle. Thus, this is the difference between transformation and transduction.
参考:
1。“5.1: Transformation in Bacteria.” Biology LibreTexts, Libretexts, 27 Nov. 2017,在这里可用。
2。Griffiths, Anthony JF. “Transduction.” An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7th Edition., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1970,在这里可用。
3。“Boundless Microbiology.” Lumen,在这里可用。
图片提供:
1。“Artificial Bacterial Transformation” By Amunroe13 – Own work(CC BY-SA 3.0)通过下议院维基梅迪亚
2。“Transduction (genetics)en” By Reytan with modifications by Geni – modified version of Image:Transduction (genetics).svg (Public Domain) via下议院维基梅迪亚
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