有机分子与无机分子的区别

有机与无机分子

所有的分子可以大致分为两类:有机和无机。围绕这两种分子有各种各样的研究领域。它们的结构、行为和性质各不相同。

有机分子

有机分子是由碳组成的分子。有机分子是地球上生物中最丰富的分子。生物的主要有机分子包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类和核酸。核酸像DNA一样含有生物体的遗传信息。像蛋白质这样的碳化合物构成了我们身体的结构成分，它们构成了酶，催化所有的代谢功能。有机分子为我们日常生活提供能量。有证据证明，像甲烷这样的碳分子在几十亿年前就存在于大气中。这些化合物与其他无机化合物反应，负责产生地球上的生命。不仅我们是由有机分子组成的，而且我们周围也有很多种类的有机分子，我们每天都在用它们来做不同的用途。我们穿的衣服是由天然或合成的有机分子组成的。 Many of the materials in our houses are also organic. Gasoline, which gives energy to automobiles and other machines, is organic. Most of the medicine we take, pesticides, and insecticides are composed of organic molecules. Thus, organic molecules are associated with nearly every aspect of our lives. Therefore, a separate subject as organic chemistry has evolved to learn about these compounds. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, important advances were made in the development of qualitative and quantitative methods for analyzing organic compounds. In this period, empirical formula and molecular formulas were developed to identify molecules separately. Carbon atom is tetravalent, so that it can form only four bonds around it. And a carbon atom also can use one or more of its valences to form bonds to other carbon atoms. Carbon atom can form either single, double or triple bonds with another carbon atom or any other atom. Carbon molecules also have the ability to exist as isomers. These abilities allow carbon atom to make millions of molecules with different formulas. Carbon molecules are broadly categorized as aliphatic and aromatic compounds. They can also be categorized as branches or unbranched. Another categorization is based on the type of functional groups they have. In this categorization, organic molecules are divided to alkanes, alkenes, alkyne, alcohols, ether, amine, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amide and haloalkanes.

无机分子

那些不属于有机分子的分子被称为无机分子。无机分子中的伴生元素种类繁多。矿物质、水、大气中大部分丰富的气体都是无机分子。还有无机化合物，其中也含有碳。二氧化碳，一氧化碳，碳酸盐，氰化物，碳化物都是这类分子的例子。

有机分子和无机分子的区别是什么? 有机分子以碳为基础，无机分子以其他元素为基础。 •有一些分子被认为是无机分子，尽管它们含有碳原子。(如二氧化碳、一氧化碳、碳酸盐、氰化物和碳化物)。因此，有机分子可以明确定义为含有碳氢键的分子。 有机分子主要发现在活的有机体中，无机分子在非生命系统中大多是丰富的。 有机分子主要有共价键，而无机分子中有共价键和离子键。 •无机分子不能像有机分子那样形成长链聚合物。 •无机分子可以形成盐，但有机分子不能。