离子粘结和金属粘结之间的差异|比较类似术语之间的差异

Thekey differencebetween ionic bonding and metallic bonding is that theionic bonding takes place betweenpositive and negative ionswhereas the metallic bonding takes place between positive ions andelectrons.

As American chemist G.N.Lewis proposed, atoms are stable when they contain eight electrons in their valence shell. Most of the atoms have less than eight electrons in their valence shells (except thenoble gasesin group 18 of the periodic table); therefore, they are not stable. These atoms tend to react with each other to become stable. Thus, each atom can achieve a noble gas electronic configuration. This occurs by forming ionic bonds,covalent bonds或金属键。

内容

1.Overview and Key Difference
2.What is Ionic Bonding
3.What is Metallic Bonding
4.Side by Side Comparison – Ionic Bonding vs Metallic Bonding in Tabular Form
5.概括

什么是离子粘结？

原子可以分别获得或丢失电子，并分别形成负电荷颗粒。这些粒子是“离子”。这些离子之间存在静电相互作用。因此，离子粘结是这些相对带的离子之间的吸引力。

原子的电负性的离子好d influences the strength of the electrostatic interactions. Hence, electronegativity gives a measurement of the atoms’ affinity for electrons. An atom with high electronegativity can attract electrons from an atom with low electronegativity to form an ionic bond.

图01：离子键合

For example, sodium chloride has an ionic bond between sodium ion and chloride ion. Sodium is a metal; therefore, it has a very low electronegativity (0.9) compared to Chlorine (3.0). Because of this electronegativity difference, Chlorine can attract an electron from Sodium and form Cl^–and Na⁺ions. Because of this, both atoms gain the stable, noble gas electronic configuration. Cl^–and Na⁺are held together by attractive electrostatic forces, thus forming an ionic bond.

What is Metallic Bonding?

Metals are atoms, which can form cations by removing electrons. Group 1, group 2 and transition elements are metals. Most of the time metals are in the solid phase. The type of bond forms between metal atoms is “metallic bond”.

Metals release electrons in their outer shells and these electrons disperse between metal cations. Therefore, we call it a “sea of delocalized electrons”. The electrostatic interactions between the electrons and cations are called metallic bonding.

Key Difference Between Ionic Bonding and Metallic Bonding

Figure 02: Metallic Bonding

The number of electrons that the metal atoms release into the sea and the size of the cation determines the strength of the metallic bond. Size of the cations is inversely proportional to the strength of the bond, and also the number of electrons that a metal atom releases are directly proportional to the metallic bond strength.

Moreover, the electrons can move; thus, metals have the ability to conduct electricity. Because of the metallic bonding metals have an ordered structure. High melting points and boiling points of metals are also due to this strong metallic bonding. Metals are strong and not brittle, due to the same reason.

What is the Difference Between Ionic Bonding and Metallic Bonding?

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that occurs between two oppositely charged ions while metallic bonding is the type of chemical bond that occurs in a metal lattice. Hence, the key difference between ionic bonding and metallic bonding is that the ionic bonding takes place between positive and negative ions whereas the metallic bonding takes place between positive ions and electrons.

作为离子键和金属键合之间的另一个重要区别，我们可以考虑原子的电负性对键强度的影响。那是;电负性对金属键没有影响，因为相同类型的原子涉及键合，但是，键合的强度受离子键合中的阳性和负离子之间的电负性差异的影响。此外，离子键比金属键强得多。

The below infographic on difference between ionic bonding and metallic bonding shows more differences between both bonds.

概括– Ionic Bonding vs Metallic Bonding

化学键合的三种主要类型。它们是离子键，共价键和金属键合。离子键和金属键合之间的关键区别在于，离子键是在正离子和负离子之间发生的，而金属键合在阳性离子和电子之间发生。

Reference:

1.库。“离子和共价键。”Chemistrive libretexts，国家科学基金会，2018年2月28日。Available here
2. Libretexts. “Metallic Bonding.” Chemistry LibreTexts, National Science Foundation, 31 July 2018.Available here