先天免疫和获得免疫力之间的差异

关键区别 - 先天免疫与获得的免疫力

先天免疫和获得的免疫力是两个重要和不同的部分免疫系统该行动共同捍卫身体免受感染和疾病的侵害。这key difference between these two segments is that, innate immunity is present from the point of birth while acquired immunity develops over growth.In this article, both systems are approached independently to highlight their differences.

What is Innate Immunity?

Innate immunity is the form of immunity that isinbornor, in other words,自然发现在有机体中。是免疫力的形式立即激活响应入侵的微生物。这是nonspecificin nature i.e. despite the varied types of microorganisms invading the body at any given time, the means of the response of the innate immune system remains the same. Innate immunity is found in all types of organisms irrespective of them beingunicellular, multi cellular，，，，脊椎动物或无脊椎动物，，，，etc. and the mechanisms by which they confer immunity are more or less the same.

这innate immune system consists of a number of mechanisms by which it enforces immunity to the body, these include;

1. 身体的机械屏障,防止条目of microbes. These barriers may be physical or chemical in nature. A few of these barriers are the skin,epithelial tissue，粘膜，肠道菌群，胃酸，唾液和眼泪的冲洗作用，
2. Chemotaxis;即，通过吸引吞噬细胞对感染部位的吸引细胞因子或由感染组织或细胞产生的趋化因子。
3. Opsonisation; i.e. the coating of the surface of the invadingpathogen为了易于识别吞噬细胞。
4. 吞噬作用;即因各种白细胞(吞噬细胞)of the blood such as中性粒细胞，巨噬细胞，天然杀手（NK）细胞，嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞。
5. Inflammation; i.e. swelling, pain, redness and heat production at the site of infection.
   

   吞噬作用

获得的免疫力是什么？

获得的免疫也称为自适应免疫orspecific immunity。这是the type of immunity that comes into action if innate immune mechanisms are somehow breached by the invading pathogen. It is the type of immunity that is adapted by the body in such circumstances in order to defend the body against the invading pathogen. Due to the process of适应，获得的免疫系统的反应比先天免疫系统较慢。获得的免疫系统本质上是高度特异性的，即它针对其遇到的每种病原体的反应。获得的免疫系统仅在脊椎动物中发现。它由两个重要组成部分组成，这些组成部分带来了防御人体免受入侵病原体所必需的特定机制。这些是：体液免疫系统和细胞介导的免疫系统。

Humoral Immune System

体液免疫（抗体介导的反应）包括借助特定抗体的免疫力。这些特定的抗体是根据病原体的存在而产生的，并且对该病原体具有高度特异性。抗体是由活化产生的大分子B细胞（也称为“plasma cells在病原体表面上识别抗原（也是大分子）的获得的免疫系统。除了彼此特异性外，抗原和抗体还相互互补。抗体通过中和入侵的病原体带来免疫力。抗体与相应的抗原束缚，并防止病原体进一步侵袭和损害，它也可能有助于病原体的调理。

Another very important phenomenon achieved by antibody production in acquired immunity is ‘immunological memory’即，如果人体（原发性感染）第一次遇到病原体，则获得的免疫系统会激活并产生抗体。但是，即使消除了感染和一些产生对这种病原体抗体的B细胞，即使在立即感染后，也可以在整个生命中可用。这些B细胞称为'记忆单元’，因此，如果要再次遇到相同的病原体（继发感染），这些记忆B细胞将重新激活以产生特定的抗体来对抗病原体。这种现象称为“免疫记忆”。

Cell-mediated Immune System

Cell mediated immunity (cell-mediated response) is conferred majorly with the help of T cells. In the course of infection, two different types of T cells can be activated, either the helper T cells or cytotoxic T cells.助手T细胞are activated when antigens from pathogens are expressed on phagocytic cells or antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system. The helper T cell produces cytokines that in turn activate other immune pathways that exhibit defense against the pathogen.Cytotoxic T cells在存在肿瘤细胞或病毒感染细胞的情况下被激活；它们引起感染细胞的细胞凋亡或细胞裂解。

为了易于理解和简单性，获得的免疫力也可以分为其他两种免疫力，即被动和主动免疫。这两种形式的免疫力都可以自然或人为地获取。

Passive Immunity

Passive immunity is the type of immunity that is acquired by a baby from its mother during the period of gestation. Antibodies from the mother’s system tend to cross the placenta and hence confer immunity in the baby’s system. This immunity usually lasts three months after birth and wanes thereafter. This is the natural means of acquiring passive immunity. The artificial means would be by immunizations, or in other words obtaining immunizing injections for infection or disease.

Active Immunity

Active immunity is the type of immunity acquired when one is exposed to a pathogen, and the body actively engages in combating the pathogen as in a primary infection (briefly explained above). This is the means by which active immunity is acquired The artificial means by which one receives active immunization would be via vaccinations.

先天免疫和获得的免疫力有什么区别？

Definition of Innate Immunity and Acquired Immunity

先天免疫：Innate immunity is the form of immunity that is inborn in an organism and is activated immediately in response to an invading microorganism.

获得的免疫力:Acquired immunity, also referred to as自适应免疫orspecific immunity，是人体适应人体免受入侵病原体的一种免疫力的类型。

i的特征nnate Immunity and Acquired Immunity

自然

先天免疫：先天免疫本质上是通用或非特异性的

获得的免疫力:Acquired immunity is specific in nature.

获得

先天免疫：从出生点出现先天免疫

获得的免疫力:获得的免疫力发展了增长。

遗产

先天免疫：Innate immunity is inheritable

获得的免疫力:除了婴儿在妊娠期间从母亲那里获得的一种被动免疫，获得的免疫力不是遗产的。

Defense Mechanisms

先天免疫：Aspects of innate immunity such as mechanical barriers exert their defensive mechanics irrespective of the presence or absence of an invading pathogen

获得的免疫力:In the case of acquired immunity, contact with a pathogen is essential to build up defensive mechanisms.

Response

先天免疫：天生的免疫力立即响应感染而触发

获得的免疫力:Acquired immunity takes a while to develop and exert its effects.

Cells

先天免疫：这major immune cells involved in innate defensive mechanisms are NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, etc.

获得的免疫力:这major immune cells involved in the acquired system are majorly the lymphocytes; the B cells and T cells.

图片提供：

“T cell activation” by T_cell_activation.png: Template drawing and caption text from “The Immune System”, any modifcations, made by myself are released into the public domain.derivative work: Hazmat2 (talk) – This file was derived from: T cell activation.png:. Licensed under Public Domain viaWikimedia Commons

“Phagocytosis2” by GrahamColm at English Wikipedia.（CC BY-SA 3.0）通过Wikimedia Commons