Difference Between Active and Passive Immunity

Active vs Passive Immunity

Immunity is the capability to identify and respond to a foreign material and eliminate them from the body. When considering the human anatomy and physiology, it consists of two broad arms, namely, innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the first line attackers against a foreign material, but it’s not specialized to specifically handle that foreign material. The adaptive immunity consists of humoral and cellular, and this type of immunity can be classified as active immunity and passive immunity. These two types differ in its origin, execution and the latent effects.

Active Immunity

As the name suggests, active immunity requires, a relatively healthy immune system to act as an antagonist against pathogens. Here, once the person is exposed to the organism, that person will develop immunity due to antibodies against that type of organism. There is a time lag between the inoculation of the pathogen to the release of antibodies. Finally, at the end of the battle, some of the cells formed in the initial exposure become memory cells, which would get activated in a massive scale if that person should get exposed to that organism again. The active immunity is again divided into two sub divisions. This would be the natural active immunity and the artificial active immunity. It is named as natural because, the person develops the full fledged infection to the organism and later finds himself resistant to that organism. In the artificial immunity, the patient is introduced with an organism (usually attenuated) along with substances to activate the immune response.

被动免疫

另一方面，被动免疫不需要健康的免疫系统，因为已经形成的抗体直接释放到循环中或与受影响部位密切相关的区域。在这里，这对于患有仍在开发免疫系统的婴儿或具有受损的免疫系统的人或需要备份直到主动免疫力开始的人是有方便的。但是，该人的免疫系统没有任何活动因此，它仅对较短的持续时间有帮助。这再次被分为两个武器，自然而人造。当母体Ig G型抗体通过胎盘传递给胎儿时，就会发生自然的被动免疫。在免疫系统仍在发展的婴儿生命的最初六个月中，这非常有帮助。在人造的被动免疫中，我们正在引入免疫球蛋白或预先形成的动物抗体（抗血清）对非免疫人。暴露于病原体后可以使用。

主动免疫与被动免疫

If you consider active and passive immunity, the final outcome is implemented through antibodies and the cascade of activities initiated by these antibodies. These two types complement each other, and have a synergistic effect. But, the active immunity is only taking effect in a person with a healthy immune system, whereas, the passive immunity doesn’t. The active immunity cascade is initiating from an antigen, whereas, the passive immunity is always starting off with the antibodies. Active immunity has a lag period to act, whereas, passive is active from the start off. The antibodies developed from the active immunity are highly specific to that serotype or serovar, but the passive immunity based antibodies are not that specific because of its external origin and prone to early destruction due to this external origin. The immunity developed through active means is long lasting/ lifelong creating a person relatively resistant to a second exposure, whereas, immunity developed through passive means is of very short duration, thus, a person not resistant to a second exposure.

总而言之，尽管采取行动需要一些时间，但是主动免疫在抗击病原体方面既快速有效又有效，同时赋予了长期的免疫力。被动免疫以快速行动很容易屈服，并且不会赋予长期免疫力。这两种类型相互补充。