关键差异 - 细胞遗传学与分子遗传学
基因研究探索如何生产eristics are passed from one generation to the next generation via genomes. Cytogenetics and Molecular genetics are two subbranches of genetic studies, which study chromosomes and genes. The key difference between cytogenetics and molecular genetics is thatcytogenetics is the study of number and structure of染色体使用显微镜分析,而分子遗传学是研究genes和染色体at the DNA molecule level using DNA technology.
内容
1.Overview and Key Difference
2.什么是细胞遗传学
3.What is Molecular Genetics
4.并排比较 - 细胞遗传学与分子遗传学
5.概括
什么是细胞遗传学?
Chromosomes are the driving force of heredity in cells. They contain all the genetic information of the organism which is inherited from parent to offspring. Any change in the chromosomal number and structure often results in changes in the genetic information which will pass to the offspring. Hence, the information about entire chromosomes in a cell and chromosomal anomalies are important in clinical genetics and molecular studies. Chromosomal abnormalities normally occur during thecell division并转移到新单元格。
染色体由DNA和蛋白质组成。因此,染色体的变化会破坏针对蛋白质编码的基因,从而导致错误的蛋白质。这些变化会产生遗传疾病,先天缺陷,综合征,癌症等。有关染色体及其变化的研究属于一项遗传学。因此,细胞遗传学可以定义为遗传学的一个分支,该分支涉及细胞染色体数量,结构和功能变化的分析。在细胞遗传学分析中进行了不同的技术,如下所示。
- Karyotyping- 一种可视化细胞在显微镜下的染色体的技术,以识别染色体的数量和结构。
- 荧光原位杂交(鱼)– A technique which detects the presence, location and copy numbers of genes in the metaphase chromosomes to diagnose various genetic diseases and chromosomal abnormalities.
- 基于阵列的比较基因组杂交- 一种用于分析拷贝数变化和染色体异常的技术。
细胞遗传学研究揭示了染色体数和结构的差异。通常在怀孕期间进行细胞遗传学分析,以确定是否是否fetusis safe with chromosomal anomalies. A normal human cell contains 22autosomal chromosomepairs and one pair of sex chromosomes (total of 46 chromosomes). An abnormal number of chromosomes can be present in a cell; this state is known asaneuploidy。在人类中,唐氏综合症和特纳综合征是由于染色体的数值异常引起的。21染色体的三体性原因Down syndrome缺少一种性染色体会导致特纳综合征。核分型是一种这样的细胞遗传学技术,它鉴定了人类中上述综合征。
Cytogenetic studies also provide valuable information for reproductive discussions, disease diagnosis and treatments of some diseases (白血病,淋巴瘤和肿瘤) etc.
什么是分子遗传学?
Molecular genetics refers to the study of structure and functions ofgenesat a molecular level. It deals with the study of chromosomes and gene expressions of an organism at DNA level. Knowledge of genes,基因变异和mutationsare important for understanding and treating disease and for development biology. DNA sequences of genes are studied in molecular genetics. Sequence variations, mutations in the sequences, gene locations are good information for identifying genetic variation among individuals and various disease identification.
Molecular genetics techniques are amplification (PCR and cloning),基因疗法,基因筛选,DNA和RNA等的分离和检测等。使用所有这些技术,进行了有关基因的研究,以了解分子水平染色体中基因的结构和功能变化。人类基因组项目是分子遗传学的显着结果。
What is the difference between Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics?
细胞遗传学vs Molecular Genetics |
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细胞遗传学is the study of chromosomes using microscopic techniques. | Molecular genetics is the study of genes at DNA level using DNA technological techniques. |
Techniques | |
Karyotyping, FISH, aCGH etc. are techniques used in this field. | DNA isolation, DNA amplification, Gene cloning, Gene screens etc. are techniques used here. |
摘要 - 细胞遗传学与分子遗传学
细胞遗传学和molecular genetics are two subfields of genetics which study chromosomes and genes. The difference between Cytogenetics and molecular genetics lies in their focus; cytogenetics is the study of numerical and structural variations of the chromosomes in a cell while molecular genetics is the study of genes in the chromosomes at DNA level. Both areas are important for understanding the genetic diseases, diagnosis, therapy and evolution.
Reference:
1. “What is Cytogenetics?” Coriell Institute for Medical Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2017
2. Li,Marilyn和Daniel Pinkel。“临床细胞遗传学和分子细胞遗传学。”郑大学杂志。科学。B. Zhejiang大学出版社,2006年2月。2017年3月3日
3. Cavalli-Sforza,L。Luca和Marcus W. Feldman。“分子遗传方法在人类进化研究中的应用。”自然新闻。自然出版集团,2003年3月1日。2017年3月4日
Image Courtesy:
1.“21 trisomy – Down syndrome”By U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program. – (Public Domain) viaCommons Wikimedia
2.(公共领域)通过Pixabay
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