这关键区别在氨基酸和核酸之间氨基酸是蛋白质而核酸是大分子made out ofnucleotides。
蛋白质和核酸是活生物体中必不可少的成分。它们是包含数百个重复单元的大分子。因此,重复单元代表单体或生产它们时用尽的构件。氨基酸是蛋白质的单体。核苷酸是核酸的单体。
CONTENTS
1。概述和关键差异
2。什么是氨基酸
3。什么是核酸
4。并排比较 - 表格形式的氨基酸与核酸
5。Summary
什么是氨基酸?
氨基酸是一种简单的分子,它也形成了C,H,O,N,有时也是硫。大约有20个常见氨基酸。所有氨基酸都有–COOH,-NH2组和A –H粘合到碳。碳是手性碳,α-氨基酸是生物世界中最重要的类型。此外,我们找不到蛋白质中的D-氨基酸,也不是高等生物的代谢的一部分。
但是,几种氨基酸在较低的生命形式的结构和代谢中很重要。除了普通氨基酸外,还有一些非蛋白衍生的氨基酸,其中许多是代谢中间体或非蛋白质生物分子的一部分(鸟氨酸,瓜氨酸)。氨基酸具有以下一般结构。
这R group differs from amino acid to amino acid. Likewise, the simplest amino acid with the R group being H is glycine. Also, according to the R group, we can categorize the amino acids into different groups; such as aliphatic – aromatic, non-polar – polar, positively charged – negatively charged, or polar uncharged, etc. Furthermore, amino acids are present as zwitter ions in the physiological pH of 7.4.
此外,氨基酸是蛋白质的基础。当两个氨基酸结合形成二肽时,该组合发生在-NH中2group of one amino acid with the –COOH group of another amino acid. There, a peptide bond forms removing a water molecule. Likewise, thousands of amino acids can be condensed to form long peptides, which then undergo different folding patterns to make proteins.
什么是核酸?
核酸是大分子;它们通过数千种核苷酸的组合形成。它们具有C,H,N,O和P。生物系统中有两种主要类型的核酸。他们是DNA and RNA。它们是生物体的遗传材料,负责一代世代相传的遗传特征。
此外,这些化合物对于控制和维持细胞功能很重要。核苷酸包含三个单位;它们是戊糖糖分子,氮基和磷酸盐基。根据戊糖糖分子,氮基和磷酸基团的数量的类型,核苷酸彼此不同。例如,在DNA中,有脱氧核糖糖,在RNA中,有核糖糖。
此外,主要有两组氮碱。它们是吡啶和嘧啶。胞嘧啶,胸腺嘧啶和尿嘧啶是嘧啶碱基的例子。腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤是两个嘌呤碱。DNA含有腺嘌呤,鸟嘌呤,胞嘧啶和胸腺嘧啶碱,而RNA的A,G,C和Uracil(代替胸腺嘧啶)。
在DNA和RNA中,互补碱在它们之间形成氢键。同样,在其中,腺嘌呤到硫胺素(或尿嘧啶是RNA),而鸟嘌呤到胞嘧啶是彼此互补的。磷酸盐基团可以与糖5的–OH组连接。核酸通过将核苷酸与磷酸二酯键结合去除水分子形成。
氨基酸和核酸有什么区别?
Amino acids and nucleic acids are highly distinct from each other. The key difference between amino acid and nucleic acid is that amino acid is the building block of proteins whereas nucleic acids is a macromolecule made out of nucleotides. Therefore, amino acids are small molecules while nucleic acids are macromolecules.
Moreover, amino acids have C, H, O, N and S, whereas nucleic acids have C, H, O, N and P mainly. So, this is also an important difference between amino acids and nucleic acids. Furthermore, there are many types of amino acids such as essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids, etc. but there are only two major types of nucleic acids; they are DNA and RNA.
以下关于氨基酸和核酸之间差异的信息图显示了这些差异的深度形式。
摘要 - 氨基酸与核酸
Amino acids are simple molecules while nucleic acids are large molecules. Hence, the key difference between amino acid and nucleic acid is that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins whereas nucleic acids are macromolecules made out of nucleotides.
参考:
1。Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. “Nucleic Acids – Structure and Function.” ThoughtCo, Oct. 19, 2018.在这里可用
图片提供:
1. tyagi.anuj的“氨基酸” - 自己的工作,(CC由3.0)通过下议院维基梅迪亚
2.沃拉希·萨希布(Warraich Sahib)的“核糖核酸化学结构” - 自己的工作,(CC BY-SA 3.0)通过下议院维基梅迪亚
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