Difference Between Neurotransmitter and Neuromodulator

Key Difference – Neurotransmitter vs Neuromodulator

神经递质和神经调节剂之间的关键区别在于神经递质是一种化学物质neuronto send signals to the next neuron, while the neuromodulator is a chemical substance released by the neuron to alter the effectiveness of the signal transmission.神经调节剂可以通过控制响应刺激的合成和神经递质的量来增加或减少通过神经递质发生的信号传递。

内容
1.Overview and Key Difference
2.What is a Neurotransmitter
3.What is a Neuromodulator
4.Side by side Comparison – Neurotransmitter vs Neuromodulator
5.概括

What is a Neurotransmitter?

Neurotransmitters are commonly found in the nervous system of living organisms. It is a chemical molecule released by the presynaptic neuron to transmit signals to the postsynaptic neuron or to a non-neuronal cell. There are different types of neurotransmitters associated with chemicalsynapses。Based on the size of the neurotransmitter, two main groups can be identified: small molecule neurotransmitters and large molecule peptides [神经肽]。小分子神经递质是单个amino acids, acetylcholine,amines,嘌呤, etc. Neuropeptides are small protein molecules involved in the chemical synapses. Based on the action of the neurotransmitters, there are two main types; inhibitory neurotransmitters and excitatory neurotransmitters. Excitatory neurotransmitters stimulate the brain while inhibitory neurotransmitters balance and calm the brain.

神经递质在SOMA或突触前神经元的轴突末端合成，并存储在称为突触小囊泡的小囊中。然后，填充有神经递质的突触囊泡被释放到两个神经元之间的空间中，称为突触裂口。囊泡膜与神经元的质膜融合，并通过胞吞作用。神经递质通过突触裂缝扩散，并在质膜突触后神经元。一些神经递质被突触前神经元迅速回收，有些是被酶降解的。神经递质与受体结合，将化学信号传输到下一个神经元。由于它们与离子受体结合，因此这种传播迅速发生。

Well, known neurotransmitters include Acetylcholine, Glutamine, Glutamate, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Aspartate,Dopamine, etc.

什么是神经调节剂？

神经调节剂is a chemical molecule, which is capable of changing the effect of impulse transmission on neurons without disturbing the rate of the transmission. It happens through the control of neurotransmitters synthesis and release. Neuromodulators are produced by neurons. They are available in a wide area of the nervous system. The action of a neuromodulator is not restricted to a particular neuron or to the site of released. It can be effective in several or groups of neurons or target cells. Neuromodulators bind with metabotropic receptors, mainly G protein activated receptors. They activate a new molecule called secondary messenger. Neuromodulation is a slow and long-lasting process since it involves metabotropic receptors.

Common neuromodulators in the central nervous system are dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, and norepinephrine.

What is the difference between Neurotransmitter and Neuromodulator?

神经递质与神经调节剂
神经递质是神经元释放的化学物质，可向下一个神经元发送信号。	神经调节剂is a chemical substance released by the neuron to alter the effectiveness of the signal transmission.
角色
Its role is the transmission of chemical signals to the adjacent neuron.	Its role is to alter the signal transmission of neurons by controlling the neurotransmitter synthesis and release.
Releasing Site
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.	神经调节剂s can be released to any area of the neuron.
结合受体
They bind to ionotropic receptors.	它们与代谢受体结合并激活二次分子。
行动
他们的行为在一个突触前神经元或效应器cell.	它们对神经元组有效。
Speed of Action
They are moderately fast.	它们中度低，持续更长的时间。
Reuptake
突触前神经元可以吸收神经递质。	They are not reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron.

摘要 - 神经递质与神经调节剂

神经递质是将化学信号从一个神经元转移到下一个神经元的化学分子，并促进通过神经元传播信号。神经调节剂是释放出来改变神经元细胞或突触特性并改变通过神经递质发生的信号传递的物质。这是神经递质和神经调节剂之间的关键差异。神经递质与离子性突触后受体结合，并迅速通过信号，而神经调节剂与突触后神经元的代谢受体结合，并缓慢调节一组神经元或效应子细胞的信号传递。

Reference:
1.“神经学”。什么是神经递质？-Neurogistics。N.P.，N.D。网络。2017年2月7日
2. “Neuromodulation of neurons and synapses.”神经生物学的当前意见。U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2017
3. “Neuromodulation.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2017.
4. Picciotto，Marina R.，Michael J. Higley和Yann S. Mineur。“作为神经调节剂的乙酰胆碱：胆碱能信号传导塑造神经系统的功能和行为。”Neuron。U.S. National Library of Medicine, 04 Oct. 2012. Web. 07 Feb. 2017.

Image Courtesy:
1.“化学。（公共领域）通过Commons Wikimedia
2. Pancrat的“ Synapse Dopaminergique” - 自己的作品(CC BY-SA 3.0)viaCommons Wikimedia