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之间的区别Molecular Orbital Theory and Hybridization Theory

2019年10月2日Posted by马杜

这关键区别分子轨道理论和杂交理论之间分子轨道理论描述了键合和抗键轨道的形成,而杂交理论描述了杂交轨道的形成。

有不同的理论来确定分子的电子和轨道结构。VSEPR理论,刘易斯理论,价键理论,杂交理论和分子轨道理论是如此重要的理论。其中最可接受的理论是分子轨道理论。

CONTENTS

1。概述和关键差异
2。什么是分子轨道理论
3。What is Hybridization Theory
4。并排比较,分子轨道理论vs Hybridization Theory
5.Summary

什么是分子轨道理论?

分子轨道理论是一种使用分子的电子结构的技术quantum mechanics。这是解释分子中化学键合的最有效的方法。让我们详细讨论这个理论。

First, we need to know what molecular orbitals are. A chemical bond forms between two atoms when the net attractive force between two atomic nuclei and the electrons in between them exceeds the electrostatic repulsion between two atomic nuclei. Basically, this means, the attractive forces between two atoms should be higher than the repulsive forces between those two atoms. Here, the electrons must exist in a region called “binding region”, to form this chemical bond. If not, the electrons will be in the “anti-binding region” which will help the repulsive force between the atoms.

但是,如果满足需求并在两个原子之间形成化学键,则键合的相应轨道称为分子轨道。在这里,我们可以从两个原子的两个轨道开始,最终得到一个属于两个原子的轨道(分子轨道)。

根据量子力学,原子轨道无法按照我们的意愿出现或消失。当轨道相互作用时,它们倾向于相应地改变形状。但是根据量子力学,它们可以自由改变形状,但需要具有相同数量的轨道。然后,我们需要找到缺失的轨道。在这里,两个原子轨道的相相结合使得bonding orbitalwhile out-of-phase combination forms the anti-bonding orbital.

Key Difference - Molecular Orbital Theory vs Hybridization Theory

Figure 01: Molecular Orbital Diagram

这bonding electrons occupy the bonding orbital while the electrons in the anti-bonding orbital do not participate in bond formation. Rather, these electrons actively oppose the formation of the chemical bond. The bonding orbital has lower potential energy than the anti-bonding orbital. If we consider a sigma bond, the denotation for bonding orbital is σ, and the anti-bonding orbital is σ*. We can use this theory to describe the structure of complicated molecules to explain why some molecules don’t exist (i.e. He2) and the bond order of molecules. Thus, this description briefly explains the basis of the molecular orbital theory.

What is Hybridization Theory?

杂交理论是一种我们用来描述分子轨道结构的技术。杂交是通过混合两个或多个原子轨道来形成杂交轨道的。这些轨道的方向决定了分子的几何形状。它是价键理论的扩展。

在形成原子轨道之前,它们具有不同的能量,但是在形成之后,所有轨道都具有相同的能量。例如,S原子轨道和P原子轨道可以组合形成两个SP轨道。S和P原子轨道具有不同的能量(p的能量P)。但是在杂交后,它形成两个具有相同能量的SP轨道,并且该能量位于单个S和P原子轨道能的能量之间。此外,该SP杂种轨道具有50%S轨道特性和50%的P轨道特性。

之间的区别Molecular Orbital Theory and Hybridization Theory

图02:碳原子的杂化轨道与氢原子的S轨道之间的键

杂交的想法首先进入了讨论,因为科学家观察到价键理论未能正确预测某些分子的结构,例如CH4。在这里,尽管碳原子根据其电子构型只有两个未配对的电子,但它可以形成四个共价键。要形成四个键,必须有四个未配对的电子。

他们可以解释这种现象的唯一方法是认为碳原子的S和P轨道彼此融合,形成具有相同能量的新轨道,称为杂交轨道。在这里,一个s +三p给出4个SP3orbitals. Therefore, the electrons fill these hybrid orbitals evenly (one electron per hybrid orbital), obeying the Hund’s rule. Then there are four electrons for the formation of four covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms.

分子轨道理论与杂交理论有什么区别?

分子轨道理论是一种使用量子力学描述分子电子结构的技术。杂交理论是一种我们用来描述分子轨道结构的技术。因此,分子轨道理论与杂交理论之间的关键差异在于,分子轨道理论描述了键合和抗键轨道的形成,而杂交理论描述了杂交轨道的形成。

此外,根据分子轨道理论,在杂交理论中,由两个原子的原子轨道混合而形成了新的轨道形成,新的轨道形式形成了同一原子的原子轨道的混合。因此,这是分子轨道理论与杂交理论之间的另一个区别。

分子轨道理论与杂交理论的差异以表格形式

摘要 - 分子轨道理论与杂交理论

Both molecular orbital theory and hybridization theory are important in determining the structure of a molecule. The key difference between molecular orbital theory and hybridization theory is that molecular orbital theory describes the formation of bonding and anti-bonding orbitals, whereas hybridization theory describes the formation of hybrid orbitals.

参考:

1.“杂交”。化学库,库,2019年6月5日,在这里可用。

图片提供:

1。“O2MolecularDiagramCR” By TCReuter – Own work(CC BY-SA 4.0)通过下议院维基梅迪亚
2。“Ch4 hybridization” By K. Aainsqatsi at English Wikipedia(Original text: K. Aainsqatsi) – Own work (Original text: self-made) (Public Domain) via下议院维基梅迪亚

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提交以下:General Chemistry

关于作者:马杜

马杜is a graduate in Biological Sciences with BSc (Honours) Degree and currently persuing a Masters Degree in Industrial and Environmental Chemistry. With a mind rooted firmly to basic principals of chemistry and passion for ever evolving field of industrial chemistry, she is keenly interested to be a true companion for those who seek knowledge in the subject of chemistry.

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