关键区别 - 离子vs Molecular Solids
固体物质是在给定温度和压力下以固态存在的化合物。固态的平均值,该物质中的原子,分子或离子被紧密地填充,避免了这些化学物种的运动(与液体或气体不同)。固体物质有两种主要类型。离子固体和分子固体。离子化合物含有通过离子化学键一起固定的离子。离子键是电荷离子之间的静电吸引力。分子固体是固体物质,包含通过范德瓦尔力。The关键区别between ionic solids and molecular solids is that离子固体含有离子化学键,而分子固体含有范德华力。
CONTENTS
1。概述和关键差异
2。什么是离子固体
3。什么是分子固体
4。Side by Side Comparison – Ionic vs Molecular Solids in Tabular Form
5。Summary
什么是离子固体?
离子固体是固体化合物,由静电景点组成的相对带电的离子组成。The ions are positively charged ions that are cations and negatively charged ions which are called anions. The chemical bond between these ions is known as an ionic bond. the overall charge of the ionic solid is neutral. That is because the cations are surrounded byanionsand vice versa.
离子固体可以包含简单的离子,例如Na+and Cl-或复合离子,例如铵离子(NH4+). Ionic solids containing H+离子被称为酸性化合物,因为这些固体释放h+离子溶解在水中时(它会降低水性介质的pH值)。含有OH的离子固体-ions are termed as basic compounds because they release OH-离子(增加pH值)。
Ionic solids typically have high熔点和沸点。这些固体坚硬而脆弱。当离子固体熔化时,它会变得高度导电,因为离子化合物的熔融形式含有可以导电的离子。离子固体可以通过不同的过程(例如蒸发,,,,沉淀,冷冻等。
Typically, ionic solids have regular crystalline structures. There, the ions are tightly packed in such a way that the lattice energy is minimized.晶格能is the amount of energy required to form a lattice from completely separated ions.
什么是分子固体?
分子固体是一种固体,其中分子由范德华力而不是离子或共价键。分子固体包含离散分子。结合这些分子的范德华力比共价或离子键弱。这些分子固体中存在的分子可以是单原子,双原子甚至多原子。
自从分子间力在分子固体非常弱,这些固体化合物的熔点较低(通常小于300°C)。而且这些分子固体相对较软,密度较低。但是,可以hydrogen bonds,,,,偶极 - 偶极相互作用,伦敦部队等(而不是范德瓦尔部队)。
可以在非极性分子。dipole-dipole interactions can be observed in polar molecules. hydrogen bonds are present between molecules containing functional groups such as O-H, N-H and F-H.
分子固体中分子之间的弱范德华力决定了固体的性质。其中一些特性包括低熔点和沸点,机械强度低,低电导率,低导热率等。
离子固体和分子固体有什么区别?
离子与分子固体 |
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离子固体是固体化合物,由静电景点组成的相对带电的离子组成。 | 分子固体是一种固体,其中分子由范德华力而不是离子或共价键。 |
Chemical Bonds | |
离子固体具有离子键。 | Molecular solids have mainly Van der Waal forces, and there can be hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, London forces, etc. as well. |
粘结强度 | |
离子固体具有牢固的键。 | 分子固体具有弱键。 |
成分 | |
Ionic solids have cations and anions. | 分子固体具有极性或非极性分子。 |
Melting and Boiling Points | |
离子固体具有高熔点和沸点。 | Molecular solids have low melting and boiling points. |
密度 | |
离子固体的密度非常高。 | 分子固体的密度非常低。 |
自然 | |
离子固体坚硬而脆弱。 | 分子固体相对较软。 |
摘要 - 离子vs Molecular Solids
Ionic solids are solid compounds made of cations and anions. There are electrostatic attraction forces between these oppositely charged ions. Molecular solids have molecules that have intermolecular forces between them. They are weak chemical interactions. The difference between ionic solids and molecular solids is that ionic solids contain ionic chemical bonds whereas molecular solid contain Van der Waal forces.
参考:
1.Helmenstine,Anne Marie,D。“分子固体 - 定义和例子。”ThinkCo,2017年2月19日。
2.“离子固体。”Chemistry libretexts,libretexts,2016年7月21日。在这里可用
3。“Molecular solid.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 27 Feb. 2018.在这里可用
图片提供:
1.'ionicbondingrh11'11 by rhannosh - 自己的工作,(CC BY-SA 3.0)通过下议院维基梅迪亚
2.’二氧化二氧化碳 - 晶体 - 3d-vdw’by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by-by-wive(公共领域)下议院维基梅迪亚
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