线粒体和叶绿体中的化学杂志有什么区别

Thekey differencebetween chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplastis that in mitochondrial chemiosmosis, the source of energy is food molecules, while the energy source for chemiosmosis in chloroplast is received by a light source.

化学渗透是离子从一边的运动of a biological semipermeable membrane to another across an electrochemical gradient. The gradient allows the ions to pass passively with the help of proteins embedded in the membrane. This helps ions to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This process is similar to渗透, but it involves ions moving across the membranes through a gradient.

内容

1.Overview and Key Difference
2.What is Chemiosmosis in Mitochondria
3.What is Chemiosmosis in Chloroplast
4.相似性 - 线粒体和叶绿体中的化学症
5.化学症in Mitochondria vs Chloroplast in Tabular Form
6.Summary – Chemiosmosis in Mitochondria vs Chloroplast

What is Chemiosmosis in Mitochondria?

化学症in mitochondria is the pumping of protons through special channels in the membranes of mitochondria from the inner membrane to the outer membrane. During this process, the electron carriers,NADH and FADH，将电子捐赠给electron transport chain。这些电子在蛋白质中对它们进行构象变化，以使它们在有选择性渗透的膜上泵送H+离子。H+离子在整个膜上的分布不均会导致浓度和电化学梯度的差异。因此，带正电的氢离子在膜的一侧移动和聚集。许多离子借助离子通道穿过磷脂膜的非极区域。这会导致基质中的氢离子通过称为ATP合酶的膜蛋白通过线粒体内膜。该蛋白质利用氢离子梯度中的势能将磷酸盐添加到ADP中，形成ATP。

化学症generates the majority of ATP during aerobic glucose catabolism. The production of ATP in mitochondria using chemiosmosis is known as oxidative phosphorylation. At the end of this process, electrons help to reduce oxygen molecules to oxygen ions. Extra electrons on the oxygen interact with H+ ions to form water.

什么是叶绿体中的化学症？

叶绿体中的化学杂志是质子在植物中生产ATP的运动。在叶绿体中，化学杂种发生在类囊体中。类囊体收获光，并作为光合作用期间光反应的位置。光反应通过化学杂交产生ATP。光系统II的天线复合物在阳光下接收光子。这将电子激发到更高的能级。然后，电子通过电子传输链向下运输，将质子在类囊体膜上泵送到类囊体的腔内。

借助酶ATP合酶，质子流下电化学梯度。这通过将ADP磷酸化至ATP产生ATP。这些来自第一光反应的电子到达光系统I，然后通过光能达到较高的能级，并由电子受体接收。这将NADP+降低到NADPH。将水分成质子和氧气的水的氧化取代了从光系统II中损失的电子。为了产生一个氧分子，光系统I和II吸收至少十个光子。在这里，四个电子通过光系统移动并生成两个NAPD​​H分子。

What are the Similarities Difference Between Chemiosmosis in Mitochondria and Chloroplast?

• 线粒体和叶绿体中的化学杂志具有相同的理论 - 将离子跨过半透明的膜向下移动电化学梯度。
• Both use high energy sources for the chemiosmosis process.
• Hydrogen ions or protons diffuse through the membranes.
• Both generate ATP.
• 此外，均使用膜蛋白和酶ATP合酶。

线粒体和叶绿体中的化学杂志有什么区别？

In mitochondrial chemiosmosis, the source of energy is food molecules, while the energy source for chemiosmosis in the chloroplast is the sunlight. Thus, this is the key difference between chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplast. Moreover, in mitochondria, chemiosmosis occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane whereas, in the chloroplast, chemiosmosis takes place in the thylakoid lumen. Also, in mitochondria, ATP is generated in the matrix of mitochondria, while in chloroplast, ATP is generated outside the thylakoid.

以下信息图列出了线粒体中的化学杂交与表格形式的叶绿体之间的差异。

Summary – Chemiosmosis in Mitochondria vs Chloroplast

化学渗透是离子从一边的运动of the biological semipermeable membrane to another across an electrochemical gradient. Chemiosmosis in mitochondria is the pumping of protons through special channels in the membranes of mitochondria from the inner membrane to the outer membrane. Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts is the movement of protons for the production of ATP in plants. In the chloroplast, chemiosmosis takes place in the thylakoid. Both processes involve generating ATP using energy. In the mitochondria, the energy source is from redox reaction during metabolism of food molecules, while in chloroplast, the energy source is light. So, this summarizes the difference between chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplast.

Reference:

1.“”化学症。” Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online, 21 Dec. 2021.
2.“7.4b：化学毒素和氧化磷酸化。” Biology LibreTexts, Libretexts, 19 Mar. 2021

Image Courtesy:

1.“”Mitochondrial electron transport chain”用户：rozzychan - http：//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/image :etc2.png(CC BY-SA 2.5)via Commons Wikimedia
2. “化学含量质子转移” By Darekk2 – Own work(CC BY-SA 3.0)via Commons Wikimedia