Difference Between Pseudogene and Gene

Thekey differencebetween pseudogene and gene is thatpseudogene is a nonfunctional genetic element that does not code for aprotein虽然基因是代码蛋白质的功能遗传元素，但

Agenome是一组有机体的完整遗传指示，对于控制不同特征（表型）非常重要。每个基因组都包含合成基本分子并建立生物所需的所有信息。基因组由DNA组成。基因是DNA的特定部分。它们为蛋白质编码。根据定义，基因是生物体的基本物理和功能单位，它有助于每个人的物理特征。假基因是在进化过程中积累的功能基因的有缺陷副本。

内容

1.Overview and Key Difference
2.What is a Pseudogene
3.What is a Gene
4.Similarities Between Pseudogene and Gene
5.并排比较 - 表格形式的假基因与基因
6。概括

What is a Pseudogene?

A pseudogene is a nonfunctional segment of DNA that resembles a functional gene. In fact, it is a superfluous copy of a functional gene. It can be created directly by DNA duplication or indirectly by逆转录of an mRNA transcript. A pseudogene can be identified through genome sequence analysis. Typically, it lacks regulatory elements, which are very important for translation and transcription. Bacterial genomes contain many pseudogenes as many as functional genes. Different biological processes create pseudogenes. There is no specialized mechanism to remove them from the genome. Ultimately, pseudogenes may be deleted from the genome from chance replication or DNA repair errors. Otherwise, they accumulate different mutations over time, becoming no longer recognizable as former genes.

Figure 01: Pseudogene

有时，由于启动子元素，伪序序列可以在低水平上转录为RNA。这些启动子元素是从祖先基因或新突变中遗传而来的。尽管这些假基因的这些转录本大多数没有功能意义，但有些会产生有益的调节性RNA和新蛋白质。

什么是基因？

Gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Every functional gene has components such as promoter, start codon, stop codon, introns, exons, 3′ untranslated region, 5′ untranslated region and upstream elements, etc. These components are very important for the functionality of each gene. A gene has instructions to produce a molecule known as a protein. These molecules control different traits. In humans, genes’ size varies from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. The human genome project concluded in 2003 identified 20000 to 25000 human genes.

Figure 02: Gene

Every person has two copies of each gene. An allele is one of two or more versions of a gene. If the alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that gene (AA or aa). If the alleles are different, the individual is heterozygous for that gene (Ab). The term allele is originally used to describe variation among genes. Scientists continue giving unique names for genes. For example, the CFTR gene, a gene on chromosome 7, has been associated with cystic fibrosis disease.

What are the Similarities Between Pseudogene and Gene?

Both are present in the genome.
从结构上讲，它们是DNA的部分。
它们是可继承的遗传因素。
They are subject to mutations.
Both can work as oncogene or tumour suppressors.

假基因和基因有什么区别？

A pseudogene is an inheritable genetic element that is nonfunctional as it does not code for a protein. On the other hand, a gene is an inheritable genetic element that is functional as it does code for a specific protein. So, this is the key difference between pseudogene and gene. Furthermore, a pseudogene lacks key regulatory elements, which are very important for translation and transcription. In contrast, a gene has all key regulatory elements that are very important for translation and transcription. Thus, this is another significant difference between pseudogene and gene.

The below infographic shows the differences between pseudogene and gene in tabular form.

摘要 - 假基因与基因

The genome consists of a complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism. It contains a huge number of genes that control the phenotype of an individual. According to Human Genome Project, humans do have 20000 to 25000 genes. A pseudogene is an inheritable genetic element that is nonfunctional as it does not code for a specific protein. The gene is an inheritable genetic element, and it is the basic physical and functional unit of the inheritance. Thus, this is the summary of the difference between pseudogene and gene.

Reference:

1. “Pseudogene.” Pseudogene – an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics,Available here.
2. Pearson, Helen. “What Is a Gene?” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 24 May 2006,Available here.