Thekey difference在底漆和发起人之间是primer is a commercially synthesized short DNA sequence which is used inpcrfor amplification of a target DNA sequence while promoter is a specific DNA sequence which provides a secure initial binding site forRNA聚合酶和transcription factorsin order to initiate transcription.
Primer and promoter are two types of DNA sequences. Primer is a small fragment of DNA needed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It has short nucleotide sequences complementary to the flanking end of the DNA strand. There are two types of primers, and they work as starting points for the synthesis of new DNA strands. In contrast, a promoter is a specific DNA sequence located upstream to the transcription initiation site of a gene. It directly interacts with the transcription mechanism components such as RNA polymerase and transcription factors in order to control DNA transcription. Therefore, RNA polymerase and other transcription factors bind to the promoter sequence and initiate transcription.
内容
1.Overview and Key Difference
2.What is a Primer
3.What is a Promoter
4.Similarities Between Primer and Promoter
5。Side by Side Comparison – Primer vs Promoter in Tabular Form
6。概括
What is a Primer?
引物是设计用于扩增靶DNA序列的短DNA序列。从结构上讲，它们具有与DNA双链侧端相互互补的短核苷酸序列。它们通常长约20个核苷酸。在PCR期间，TAQ聚合酶催化核苷酸添加到先前存在的核苷酸序列中。因此，引物是合成新链的起点。TAQ聚合酶仅在5至3'方向上工作。因此，DNA合成也发生在相同的5'至3'方向上。由于DNA是双链，因此在PCR中需要两种类型的引物。它们被称为正向底漆和反向底漆，基于DNA合成过程中引物的伸长的方向。
图01：引物
Forward primer反义DNA链和启动th免疫印迹e synthesis of + strand of the gene into 5’ to 3’ direction. It has a short nucleotide sequence which is complementary to the 3’ flanking end of the antisense strand.反向引物anneals with the sense strand and initiates the synthesis of a complementary strand of the coding strand, which is – a strand of the gene into 5’to 3’ direction. Thus, reverse primer is designed complementary to the 3’ end of the coding strand. Both reverse and forward primers are important for the production of millions to billions of copies of particular regions of DNA which is targeted or interested.
什么是发起人？
The promoter is a DNA sequence located upstream or at the 5′ end of the transcription initiation site of a gene. It provides a binding site for RNA polymerase and certain regulatory elements in order to initiate the transcription of the gene. It is a regulatory sequence needed for turning on or off a gene. There is a specific nucleotide sequence in the promoter. It can have 100–1000 base pairs. Promoter shows the direction of transcription. Moreover, it indicates the sense strand which should be transcribed.
图02：基因的启动子
作为核心启动子，近端启动子和远端启动子有三种类型的启动子元素。核心启动子是启动转录所需的启动子的最小部分。它位于起始密码子近端。塔塔盒是在许多真核核心启动子中发现的保守区域。发现转录起始站点上游的25至35个基对。在核心启动子上游发现近端启动子。通常，它位于起始密码子上游的250个碱基对，并包含主要的调节元素。在近端启动子上游发现远端启动子，并包含其他调节元件。细菌启动子在其启动子中具有两个短序列元素。Tataat是位于细菌启动子-10的共有序列，而TTGACA是-35的共有序列。 They are known as -10 element and -35 element.
底漆和启动子之间有什么相似之处？
- Primer and promoter are two types of DNA sequences.
- They consist of nucleotide sequences.
- Both primer and promoter are important for gene expression.
What is the Difference Between Primer and Promoter?
Primer is a short nucleotide sequence designed for the amplification of target DNA. In contrast, the promoter is a specific regulatory DNA sequence found upstream to the transcription initiation site of a gene. So, this is the key difference between primer and promoter. Primers are about 20 base pairs long while promoter can have 100 -1000 base pairs. Functionally, primers are served as starting sequences for the new strand synthesis while promoters control gene transcription by providing binding sites for RNA polymerase and other transcription factors.
此外，启动子被定义为转录的方向，并指示基因的感觉链。从结构上讲，底漆是短的单链DNA序列，而启动子是长的双链DNA序列。
The below info-graphic tabulates more comparisons related to the difference between primer and promoter.
摘要 - 底漆与启动子
Primers are short nucleotide sequences complementary to the flanking ends of the target DNA double-strand. Two types of primers are used in PCR. They serve as the starting sequences for the synthesis of new strands. Primers are commercially designed, and they are temperature stable sequences. On the other hand, the promoter is a regulatory sequence of a gene located upstream to the transcription initiation site. Promoters control the transcription of genes. They provide binding sites for RNA polymerase and transcription factors to initiate transcription. Thus, this is the summary of the difference between primer and promoter.
Reference:
1.“ addgene：启动子”。Addgene.org，2020年，Available here.
2.“底漆（分子生物学）”。en.wikipedia.org，2020年，Available here.
Image Courtesy:
1. “Primers RevComp” By Zephyris – Own work(CC BY-SA 3.0)viaCommons Wikimedia
2. Thomas Shafee - Shafee T，Lowe R（2017）的“基因结构真核生物2注释”。“真核和原核基因结构”。Wikijournal of Medicine 4（1）。doi：10.15347/wjm/2017.002。ISSN 20024436（CC由4.0）viaCommons Wikimedia
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