器官发生和体细胞生成之间的差异

Key Difference – Organogenesis vs Somatic Embryogenesis

Embryogenesis and organogenesis are two important processes in the development of an organism. Embryogenesis is the process that forms anembryo来自zygote从合成. Organogenesis is the process that develops all the tissues and organs of the organism from three germ layers of the embryo. Somatic embryogenesis is an artificial process that forms an embryo from体细胞of the plants. The key difference between organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis is thatorganogenesis is the formation of organs from embryowhilesomatic embryogenesis is the artificial formation of an embryo from somatic cells.

内容

1.Overview and Key Difference
2.什么是器官发生
3.什么是躯体胚胎发生
4.Side by Side Comparison – Organogenesis vs Somatic Embryogenesis in Tabular Form
5。概括

什么是器官发生？

器官发生是从称为三个细菌层开发生物体内部器官的过程ectoderm, endoderm， 和mesodermof the developing embryo. Once thefertilizationis completed, the zygote develops into the blastocyst and then to胃. Gastrulation process develops three germ layers. Hence blastula has three germ layers called ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. During the organogenesis, these three germ layers differentiate or specialize into various types of tissues or organs in the body. Organogenesis starts at the 3^rd到8^thweek of utero of humans.

Figure 01: Organogenesis

外胚层细胞分化为人体外部的细胞，包括皮肤或外皮系统。外胚层分化为神经系统，感觉系统，口腔上皮，肛门，pituitary and pineal gland, adrenal medusa, and tooth enamel. Mesoderm germ layer differentiates into all the muscle cells, cardiovascular system, skeletal system (bone and cartilage),lymphatic system，排泄和生殖系统，皮肤的肾上腺皮质和真皮。内胚层是区分消化道上皮，消化系统的附件器官，例如肝脏，胰腺系统，肺上皮，膀胱，尿道，生殖管，甲状腺和甲状腺甲状旁腺和胸腺腺体。

什么是躯体胚胎发生?

胚胎发生是由于两个配子的融合而产生的胚胎。合伙产生一个称为Zygote的2N细胞。合子通过有丝分裂分裂，成为一个成熟的细胞质量，称为胚胎。胚胎发展成成熟的生物体。这是胚胎发生的正常过程或合子胚发生。但是，体细胞也用于发展胚胎。这些体细胞不是单倍体cells as配子. They are 2n normal body cells.

There are three main steps in somatic embryogenesis named induction, maturation, and development an embryo. A single somatic cell can be induced to become mature. Then it will develop into an embryo. Induction can be done by supplying nutrients and plant hormones. The plant hormone auxin is used in the early stage of somatic embryogenesis. Once the auxin is applied, cells will start to grow and divide rapidly. After that, the second hormone gibberellin is supplied. Then cells differentiate into an undifferentiated cell mass called callus. Callus has the capability to mature into a plant. Hence, it is transferred into a fresh nutrient medium to develop into an embryo. Embryo development has different stages such as globular, heart shaped, and small plant. Somatic embryogenesis can be easily applied to plant cells since they aretotipotent. If necessary nutrients, hormones and growth promoters are provided, a single plant cell can differentiate into a mature plant. The main advantage of somatic embryogenesis in plants is that when the plant is infected, a mature plant can be made from a single unaffected cell using this process. Artificial seed can also be prepared by somatic embryogenesis. The disadvantage of this process is that it cannot be applied to all the plants. It is limited for certain plant species. It is also a time-consuming process and requires expertise.

There are two forms of somatic embryogenesis named direct and indirect.Direct somatic embryogenesis不会产生愈伤组织。但是，在indirect somatic embryogenesis, a callus is formed.

器官发生和体细胞发生有什么区别？

Organogenesis vs Somatic Embryogenesis
Organogenesis is the formation and development of an organism’s organs from embryonic cells.	体细胞胚发生是人为地从单个或一组体细胞的胚胎形成。
Nature
器官发生或多或少是自然过程。	体细胞胚发生是人造过程。
发生
在植物和动物中都可以看到器官发生。	体细胞胚发生is seen in plants.

概括– Organogenesis vs Somatic Embryogenesis

胚胎是受精的结果。胚胎区分并成熟为完整的生物体。所有的组织和器官都是由胚胎形成的。该过程称为器官发生。三个细菌层共同使整个器官或组织系统。通常，胚胎是由两个单倍体（N）细胞的融合而发展而来的。在某些植物中，胚胎可以从体细胞中人为地开发，而无需两个配子的结合。人为地从体细胞或一组体细胞的胚胎发育称为体细胞胚发生。这是器官发生和体细胞发生之间的主要区别。

下载PDF版机发生与体细胞胚发生

You can download PDF version of this article and use it for offline purposes as per citation notes. Please download PDF version here器官发生和体细胞生成之间的差异。

Reference:

1.“”Organogenesis – Boundless Open Textbook.” Boundless. Boundless, 08 Aug. 2016. Web.Available here.2017年6月25日。
2.“体细胞胚发生：含义，历史，原理，方案和重要性。”生物学讨论。N.P.，2015年10月26日。Available here.2017年6月25日。

Image Courtesy:

1.“”细菌层” CNX -(CC BY-SA 3.0)viaCommons Wikimedia
2. “Callus1” By Igge – Own work(CC BY-SA 3.0)viaCommons Wikimedia