Hydrolysis vs Condensation
凝结和水解是两种类型的化学反应,与键形成和键断裂有关。凝结是水解的相反。这两种反应通常是在生物系统中发现的,我们还使用这些反应来获得许多商业上重要的产品。
缩合
缩合反应是一种化学管理计划tion where small molecules get together to form a large single molecule. The reaction takes place within two functional groups in the molecules. Other characteristic feature of a condensation reaction is that a small molecule is lost during the reaction. This molecule can be water, hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, etc. If the lost molecule is water, those types of condensation reactions are known as dehydration reactions. Since the reactant molecules are smaller and the product molecule is very large, the density of products will be always higher than the reactions in condensation reactions. Condensation reactions take place in several ways. For example, we can widely divide these into two types as intermolecular condensation reactions and intra-molecular condensation reactions. If the two functional groups are residing in the same molecule, they are known as intra-molecular condensations. For example, glucose has a linear structure as follows.
在溶液中,大多数分子处于环状结构。当形成循环结构时,碳5上的-OH被转换为醚键,以用碳1闭合环1。在这种分子内凝结反应中,驱除水分子,并形成醚连接。分子间反应会产生许多有用的和常见的产品。在此期间,反应发生在两个单独分子的官能团之间。例如,当形成像蛋白质这样的大分子时,会凝结氨基酸。释放水分子,形成酰胺连接,称为肽键。当两个氨基酸结合在一起时,形成二肽,当许多氨基酸连接时,称为多肽。DNA和RNA也是核苷酸之间的凝结反应的结果,形成了两种大分子。冷凝反应会产生非常大的分子,有时分子不那么大。 For example: in the esterification reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, a small ester molecule if formed. Condensation is important in polymer formation. Polymers are large molecules, which has the same structural unit repeating over and over. The repeating units are called monomers. These monomers are bonded to each other with covalent bonds to form a polymer.
Hydrolysis
这是一种反应,其中化学键使用水分子断裂。在此反应过程中,水分子将质子分裂为质子和氢氧化离子。然后将这两个离子添加到键断裂的分子的两个部分中。例如,以下是酯。酯键在–CO和–O之间。
在水解中,水中的质子增加了–O侧,氢氧化离子会增加–co侧。因此,由于水解,醇和羧酸将形成,这是形成酯时的反应物。
水解和凝结有什么区别? •水解是冷凝的逆转。 •凝结反应使化学键是化学键,而水解破坏了化学键。 •聚合物是通过凝结反应制成的,它们会被水解反应打破。 •在冷凝反应期间,可以释放水分子。在水解反应中,将水分子掺入分子中。 |
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