正面与负面外部性
An externality exists when a third party who is not directly involved in a transaction (as a buyer or seller of the goods or services) incurs a cost or benefit. In other words, an externality arises when a third party to a transaction experiences side effects (which can be negative or positive to them) due to transactions between buyers and sellers. When the third party benefits from this, it is called a positive externality and when the third party suffers a loss or incurs a cost it is known as a negative externality. The article offers clear explanations on each concept and outlines the similarities and differences between Positive and Negative Externalities.
什么是积极的外部性?
A positive externality (also known as an external benefit) exists when the private benefit enjoyed from the production or consumption of goods and services are exceeded by the benefits as a whole to the society. In this scenario, a third party other than the buyer and seller will receive a benefit as a result of the transaction. Education and training provided to employees is a positive externality as it reduces the costs that other firms need to bear in training individuals and results in greater efficiency and productivity. The increase in productivity can result in more efficient use of raw materials, and can help improve the living standards within the economy benefiting the greater society.
Another example of a positive externality is the research into new and innovative technologies. The technological knowhow can greatly contribute to the benefit or an entire industry and can result in lower production costs, better quality, and better safety standards that benefit the producers, as well as consumers.
What is Negative Externality?
一个负外部性(也称为一个克斯特nal cost) exists when a third party suffers some sort of cost or a loss as a result of a transaction between a buyer and seller in which the third party has no involvement. One of the most well-known negative externalities is pollution. An organization may pollute the environment by burning fuels and releasing poisonous fumes to the environment which can result in problems with public health.
最近的一种情况是,由于道德危害而导致的抵押贷款市场和银行体系崩溃,经济衰退经历。减少负面外部性的最佳方法是对参与此类行为的组织或个人施加法规或处罚,从而对公众造成更高的损失。
正外部性和负面外部性有什么区别?
Externalities are costs or benefits that affect third parties who are not participants in the production or consumption of goods and services in a market place. A positive externality as its name suggests is a benefit that third parties enjoy as a result of a transaction, production, or consumption between the buyer and the seller.
A negative externality, on the other hand, is the cost that a third party has to bear as a result of a transaction in which the third party has no involvement. Negative and positive externalities both occur as a result of economic activity and an economy must always strive to reduce its negative externalities through regulations and penalties while increasing its positive externalities by giving incentives to train individuals, research on new technology, etc.
Summary:
• An externality exists when a third party who is not directly involved in a transaction (as a buyer or seller of the goods or services) incurs a cost or benefit as a result of the transaction.
• A positive externality (also known as an external benefit) exists when the private benefit enjoyed from production or consumption of goods and services are exceeded by the benefits as a whole to the society.
•当第三方遭受某种成本或损失的结果是买卖双方之间交易的结果时,存在负面的外部性(也称为外部成本)。
发表评论