变形与应变|弹性变形和塑性变形,胡克定律
变形是由于在其上施加的力和压力而导致身体形状的变化。应变是由对象的弹性产生的力。变形和应变都是材料科学中讨论的两个非常重要的概念。这些概念在理解材料科学,机械工程,土木工程甚至生物科学等学科的过程中至关重要。变形和应变对这些科学的贡献是巨大的,这些概念对于在这些领域中表现出色至关重要。在本文中,我们将讨论什么是变形和应变,它们的定义,变形和应变的相似性以及变形和应变之间的差异。
拉紧
当将外部应力施加到固体上时,身体倾向于将自己拉开。这导致晶格中原子之间的距离增加。每个原子都试图尽可能靠近其邻居。这导致试图抵抗变形的力。这种力被称为应变。可以使用键的势能来解释这种效果。物质内部的键像小弹簧。原子的中性位置或平衡位置是当不作用在物体上的力时。当施加力时,债券会拉伸或收缩。这会导致债券的势能提高。 The potential energy created by this in turn creates a force, which is opposite to the applied force. This force is known as the strain.
形变
变形是由于作用在其上的力而导致的任何物体形状的变化。变形有两种形式。它们是弹性变形和塑性变形。如果绘制了应力与应变的图,则该图将是线性的,对于某些较低的应变值。该线性区域是对象弹性变形的区域。弹性变形总是可逆的。它是使用胡克定律计算的。胡克定律指出,在材料的弹性范围内,施加的应力等于年轻的模量和材料的应变的产物。固体的弹性变形是可逆的过程,当施加的应力被去除时,固体返回到其原始状态。当应力与应变的图是线性的时,据说该系统处于弹性状态。 However, when the stress is high, the plot passes a small jump on the axes. This is the limit in which it becomes a plastic deformation. This limit is known as the yield strength of the material. Plastic deformation occurs mostly due to the sliding of two layers of the solid. This sliding process is not reversible. The plastic deformation is sometimes known as the irreversible deformation, but actually, some modes of plastic deformation are reversible.
What is the difference between Strain and Deformation? •应变是力,而变形是形状的变化。 •应变是可测量的数量,而变形是不可测量的。 • The strain on an object strictly depends on the external force applied. The deformation of an object depends on the external force, the material and whether the material is in an elastic deformation or a plastic deformation. |
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